Arteriovenous difference studies

Since the brain utilizes energy almost exclusively from oxidative metabolism of glucose, brain metabolism has been studied by focusing on net oxygen and glucose uptake. Oxygen consumption was classically measured as the arteriovenous difference of 02 content. When a substance is exchanged between brain and blood, the difference between its steady state of delivery to brain in the arterial blood and removal in the venous blood must be equal to the net rate of its utilization or... 

Arteriovenous (AV) difference studies and mammary blood flow measurements (Chapter 1) have shown that in both ruminants and non-ruminants, amino acids for milk protein synthesis are obtained ultimately from blood plasma but that some interconversions occur. The amino acids can be divided into two major groups ... 

A method for the direct observation of extracorporal thrombus formation has been introduced by Rowntree and Shionoya (1927). These first studies could provide evidence that anticoagulants like heparin and hirudin do inhibit thrombus development in arteriovenous shunts. Since today, the A-V-shunt thrombosis models have been often used to evaluate the antithrombotic potential of new compounds in different species including rabbits (Knabb et al. 1992), rats (Hara et al. 1995), pigs (Scott et al. 1994), dogs and cats (Best et al. 1938), and non-human primates (Yokoyama et al. 1995). 

Hickam JB, Frayser R. Studies of the retinal circulation in man observations on vessel diameter, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and mean circulation time. Circulation 1966 33 302-316. 

Ingestion of alcohol is traditionally considered a predisposing or precipitating factor in the gouty attack Studies performed in man by Lieber et al. (1962) have shown that the administration of ethanol provokes an increase in the serum concentration of uric acid, which was attributed to a decrease in its renal excretion More recently, ethanol infusion has been shown to enhance the production of uric acid by the liver, as measured from arteriovenous concentration differences during hepatic catheterisation in human volunteers (Grunst et al, 1973) ... 

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