Straight arrows

Figure B2.3.8. Energy-level sehemes deseribing various optieal methods for state-seleetively deteeting ehemieal reaetion produets left-hand side, laser-indueed fluoreseenee (LIF) eentre, resonanee-enlianeed multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and right-hand side, eoherent anti-Stokes Raman speetroseopy (CARS). The ionization oontinuiim is denoted by a shaded area. The dashed lines indieate virtual eleetronie states. Straight arrows indieate eoherent radiation, while a wavy arrow denotes spontaneous emission.

Figure C2.12.7. Channel system of MFI (top) and MEL (bottom). The linear channels are interconnected by zigzag channels in ZSM-5 while exclusively straight miming channels are present in ZSM-11 - larger internal openings are present at the chaimel intersections - the arrows indicate the pathways for molecular transport tlirough the channel system.

Fig. 1. Superposition of three crystal structures of cAMP-dependent protein kinase that show the protein in a closed conformation (straight line), in an intermediate conformation (dashed line), and in an open conformation (broken line). The structures were superimposed on the large lobe. In three locations, arrows identify corresponding amino acid positions in the small lobe.

Figure 9 The refinement of an initial straight line path to a smooth transition pathway using the conjugate peak refinement algorithm. The initial guess is a straight line path. That path is refined by the addition of an intermediate point (the long-stemmed arrow). Two additional intermediates are added to create a path of three intermediates before four more intermediates are inserted. The process can be continued until the desired level of smoothness m the transition pathway is obtained.

In Fig. 13 is shown the 002 lattice images of an as-formed very thin VGCF. The innermost core diameter (ca. 20 nm as indicated by arrows) has two layers it is rather straight and appears to be the primary nanotube. The outer carbon layers, with diameters ca. 3-4 nm, are quite uniformly stacked parallel to the central core with 0.35 nm spacing. From the difference in structure as well as the special features in the mechanical strength (as in Fig. 7) it might appear possible that the two intrinsically different types of material... 

Fig. 13. HRTEM image of an as-grown thick PCNT. 002 lattice image demonstrates the innermost hollow core (core diam. 2.13 nm) presumably corresponding to the as-formed nanotube. The straight and continuous innermost two fringes similar to Fig. 5 are seen (arrow).

Fig. 8. Planar representation of the (9M,0)-(5n,5n) knees, having a 36° bend angle produced by a heptagon-pentagon pair on the equatorial plane. The arrows show the dotted line of bonds where the knee N or N is connected to the corresponding straight tubules (a) knee N for n= 1 (b) stretched knee N , . for h = 1 and c=38 (c) general knees N and jV f.

Gabel, M. (1975). Energy Eanh and Everyone A Global Energy Strategy for Spaceship Earth. San Francisco Straight Arrow Books. 

FIGURE 18.5 (a) The atoms in neighboring straight-chain alkanes, represented by the tubelike structures, can lie close together. Ibl Fewer of the atoms of neighboring branched alkane molecules can get so close together overall, and so the London forces (represented by double-headed arrows) are weaker and branched alkanes are more volatile. 

F. la-c. Cyclic voltammograms of dissolved and stance confined ferrcx ne in a< tonitrile/0.1 M TBAP. a. 4 X 10 M dissolved ferrocene at Pt. b. 4-ferrocenyl-phenylacetamid monolayer bound to Pt (ref. ). c. Poly-vinylferrocene dip coated on Pt,r = 1 x lO raolcm. Straight arrows indicate diffusional events. Curved arrows electron transfer events (from ref. ). 

The compound above has two important resonance structures. Notice that we separate resonance structures with a straight, two-headed arrow, and we place brackets around the structures. The arrow and brackets indicate that they are resonance structures of one molecule. The molecule is not flipping back and forth between the different resonance structures. 

Figure 9-4. Sites of feedback inhibition in a branched biosynthetic pathway. Si-Sj are intermediates in the biosynthesis of end products A-D. Straight arrows represent enzymes catalyzing the indicated conversions. Curved arrows represent feedback loops and indicate sites of feedback inhibition by specific end products.

Figure 6.11. Electronic transitions to the first excited singlet (s) and lowest triplet (0 states from the ground states (g) of benzophenone (B) and naphthalene (N) moieties in compounds (4), n = 1-3. Possible radiative transitions are represented by straight arrows, radiationless transitions by wavy arrows.(80> Reprinted by permission of the American Chemical Society.

Figure 7.4. Sketch for the deduction of the intensity, It, transmitted into the detector for symmetrical-reflection geometry. The photon is scattered in a depth of x. Integration direction is indicated by a straight dashed arrow... 

Figure 6.8 Phthalocyanine 63 self-assembles in chloroform to give bundles of micrometer length fibers. Single fibers have diameter of 50 A (highlighted between arrows) and can be envisaged as nanowires (top left). Chiral derivative 64 forms left-handed super helices (top right) due to chirality within side chains. This chiral expression can be turned-off by addition of K+ ions, which bind within the crown-ether part of the molecule, forcing the phthalocyanines to be stacked directly on top of each other, resulting in straight wires (bottom left).

Figure 8. (A) Schematic representation of the shape of the function f(rt). The arrows represent the first order like phase transition effect. The two straight lines are f(tt) = 17.5tt + 20.0 and f(n) = O.Olrc, respectively. (B) Schematic representation of the relationship between the surface pressure (ji) and the effective concentration of surfactant at the air/water interface (T f). The solid and dashed lines represent the expected and ideal relationships, respectively.

Radiative transitions are drawn as straight arrows and radiationless transitions as wavy arrows. 

Figure 5.1 Competing radiative (vertical straight arrow) and radiationless (horizontal wavy arrow) processes between initial (i) and final (f) electronic states...

The primary sequence of events is depicted in a straight horizontal line (bold arrows are suggested). 

FIGURE 7.5 A Jablonski diagram. The solid horizontal lines represent molecular orbitals, with singlet states on the left and triplet states on the right. The arrows represent transitions between these levels, with straight lines for radiative transitions and wavy lines for non-radiative transitions. For the radiative transitions, absorption corresponds to the upward arrows at left, fluorescence corresponds to the downward arrows, and phosphorescence is represented by the diagonal arrow from Tj to Sq. 

Posterior from the hindbrain, the caudal neural tube gradually tapers into a narrower tube (Fig. 6a). The primitive spinal cord should be relatively straight throughout the axis (score of 5). On occasions, a mild bend associated with normal rotation is observed around the level of the heart and at the forelimb bud (score of 4) (Fig. 6b, arrows). 

Fig. 6. Representative score assignment for the primitive spinal cord (caudal neural tube), (a) Normal primitive spinal cord, which is relatively straight throughout the axis, (b) A primitive spinal cord with a subtle bend arrowy, (c) An illustration of a spinal cord with subtle bends, (d) A primitive spinal cord with mild bends/kinks (bracket), (e) An illustration of a primitive spinal cord with a mild bend (arroW). (f) Multiple marked kinks (arrows) in the spinal cord, (g) An illustration of a primitive spinal cord with multiple marked bends (arrows), (h) Multiple kinks (bracket and bends (arrows) in the spinal cord, (i) An example of caudal neural tube with an enlarged posterior neuropore (circle).

Processes involving emission or absorption of a photon are denoted by straight arrows nonradiative processes are denoted by wavy arrows. 

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