Outer array

Membranes based on the interstices between nanotubes in a vertical array of CNTs, subsequently referred to as the dense-array outer-wall CNT membrane... 

Dense-array outer-wall 20-100 Heavy hydrocarbon (liquid) separation Bacteria separation Voltage-controlled transport Protein separation Compression-modulated transport UF membranes Electrochemical membrane reactors... 

Early transport measurements on individual multi-wall nanotubes [187] were carried out on nanotubes with too large an outer diameter to be sensitive to ID quantum effects. Furthermore, contributions from the inner constituent shells which may not make electrical contact with the current source complicate the interpretation of the transport results, and in some cases the measurements were not made at low enough temperatures to be sensitive to 1D effects. Early transport measurements on multiple ropes (arrays) of single-wall armchair carbon nanotubes [188], addressed general issues such as the temperature dependence of the resistivity of nanotube bundles, each containing many single-wall nanotubes with a distribution of diameters d/ and chiral angles 6. Their results confirmed the theoretical prediction that many of the individual nanotubes are metallic. 

The field of modified electrodes spans a wide area of novel and promising research. The work dted in this article covers fundamental experimental aspects of electrochemistry such as the rate of electron transfer reactions and charge propagation within threedimensional arrays of redox centers and the distances over which electrons can be transferred in outer sphere redox reactions. Questions of polymer chemistry such as the study of permeability of membranes and the diffusion of ions and neutrals in solvent swollen polymers are accessible by new experimental techniques. There is hope of new solutions of macroscopic as well as microscopic electrochemical phenomena the selective and kinetically facile production of substances at square meters of modified electrodes and the detection of trace levels of substances in wastes or in biological material. Technical applications of electronic devices based on molecular chemistry, even those that mimic biological systems of impulse transmission appear feasible and the construction of organic polymer batteries and color displays is close to industrial use. 

THF = tetrahydrofuran. ACN = acetonitrile, p.s. = particle size. i.d. = internal diameter, o.d. = outer diameter. MeOH = methanol. MS = mass spectrometry. DAD = diode array detector, n.a. = not available. THC = tetrahydrocurcumin. = exdtation wavelength. X = emission wavelength. 

The last series of Ru3C1 family is concerned with the monocations [Ru3C16(PR3)6] + (R = Et, Bu), in which all the terminal chloride ligands of the [Ru3C112]4 precursor have been replaced by phosphines.29 These complexes can be formally represented as Runi-Run-Run arrays, but, as deducible from their typical structural parameters reported in Table 4, with respect to the Runi-Run-Runi [Ru3C18(PR3)4] complexes, the one more electron looks like delocalized on both the two outer Ru atoms. 

Taguchi uses fractional factorial designs to determine the first-order effects of both the control factors and the noise factors, but he separates the factors and the designs into an inner array (involving the control factors only) and an outer array (involving the noise factors only). The concept is shown geometrically in Figure 14.8 for three control factors and three noise factors. 

Figure 14.8 Taguchi concepts of inner and outer arrays. See text for discussion.

Figure 14.8. The inner array exists in the three-dimensional space of control factors x X2, and X3 these might represent temperature, flow rate, and pH, respectively. The outer array is represented by the small fractional factorial designs shown at each factor combination of the inner array. It is important to understand that this inner outer does not exist in the control factor space - it exists in a separate three-dimensional space of noise factors, designated for our purposes here as z Zj, and Z3 these might represent ambient humidity, source of raw material, and identity of process operator.

Suppose viscosity, y, is the quality response of interest. Then at one of the four factor combinations in the inner array (i.e., in the control factor space), experiments can be carried out at the four factor combinations in the outer array (i.e., in the noise factor space). Frequently the outer array experiments are adventitious experiments in the sense that the experimenter has to wait until, say, the ambient humidity approaches the desired value then the appropriate source of raw material and the appropriate process operator can be brought in and the experiment can be carried out. 

Once the four experiments in the outer array have been completed, the following model can be fitted to the data ... 

Taguchi realized that the effects of the noise factors might depend on the settings of the control factors. The four experiments of the outer array described in the... 

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