Applications to reactivity

An Introduction to Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy and Its Application to Reactive Intermediates... 

Steefel, C. I. and A.C. Lasaga, 1994, A coupled model for transport of multiple chemical species and kinetic precipitation/dissolution reactions with application to reactive flow in single phase hydrothermal systems. American Journal of Science 294, 529-592. 

Aptula, A.O. and Roberts, D.W. (2006) Mechanistic applicability domains for nonanimal-based prediction of toxicological end points general principles and application to reactive toxicity. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 19, 1097-1105. 

The second method of characterizing the chemical order of a reaction is by the concentration of reactive groups, [R]. This method is most applicable to reactive oligomers that polymerize into both linear and three-dimensional polymers. Let the initial concentration be [R]o and the final one be [R]oo. Then the chemical degree of conversion Pch is... 

The expression for the excess Gibbs energy is built up from the usual NRTL equation normalized by infinite dilution activity coefficients, the Pitzer-Debye-Hiickel expression and the Born equation. The first expression is used to represent the local interactions, whereas the second describes the contribution of the long-range ion-ion interactions. The Bom equation accounts for the Gibbs energy of the transfer of ionic species from the infinite dilution state in a mixed-solvent to a similar state in the aqueous phase [38, 39], In order to become applicable to reactive absorption, the Electrolyte NRTL model must be extended to multicomponent systems. The model parameters include pure component dielectric constants of non-aqueous solvents, Born radii of ionic species and NRTL interaction parameters (molecule-molecule, molecule-electrolyte and electrolyte-electrolyte pairs). 

In-line methods are applicable to reactive crystallization with systems with a relatively fast reaction rate and a short nucleation induction time. There are two in-line devices that have potential for these applications impinging jets and vortex mixers. The reader is referred to Chapter 9 for a discussion of impinging jets as applied to antisoivent crystallization. The application to reactive crystallization is similar—creation of high supersaturation in a... 

Energy changes which accompany chemical reactions are usually large and therefore form an important component in the energy balance. Equation 7.3.3 is applicable to reactive systems but care must be taken to use appropriate and consistent expressions for the enthalpy. 

This chapter provides an exhaustive overview on current design methodologies with application to reactive distillation processing. By no means the presented material should be regarded as the ultimate overview, specially due to the dynamic developments lately experienced by RD research. The overview ends with a list of scientific literature... 

K.T. Song, L.H. Sheen, Heuristic fuzzy-neural network and its application to reactive navigation of a mobile robot. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 1KK3), 331-340 (2000)... 

A more accurate method is the direct determination of the reactivity ratios. In literature, a number of studies is reported, where several copolymerizations are studied. Unfortunately, many of these studies are performed at low temperatures and therefore not applicable to reactive extrusion. 

LIQUID STATE QUANTUM CHEMISTRY APPLICATION TO REACTIVITY... 

Liquid State Quantum Chemistry Application to Reactivity. 

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