Applications of Basic Principles

Throughout the early chapters of this book we review certain basic principles that underlie and explain much of the chemistry we shall be studying. Consider the following principles and how they apply in this chapter. 

Opposite Charges Attract We see this principle operating in our explanations for covalent and ionic bonds (Sections 1.11 and 1.4A). It is the attraction of the positively charged nuclei for the negatively charged electrons that underlies our explanation for the covalent bond. It is the attraction of the oppositely charged ions in crystals that explains the ionic bond. 

Like Charges Repel It is the repulsion of the electrons in covalent bonds of the valence shell of a molecule that is central to the valence shell electron pair repulsion model for explaining molecular geometry. And, although it is not so obvious, this same factor underlies the explanations of molecular geometry that come from orbital hybridization because these repulsions are taken into account in calculating the orientations of the hybrid orbitals. 

Orbital Overlap Stabilizes Molecules This principle is part of our explanation for covalent bonds. When orbitals of the same phase from different nuclei overlap, the electrons in these orbitals can be shared by both nuclei, resulting in stabilization. The result is a covalent bond. 

In Chapter 1 you have studied concepts and skills that are absolutely essential to your success in organic chemistry. You should now be able to use the periodic table to determine the number of valence electrons an atom has in its neutral state or as an ion. You should be able to use the periodic table to compare the relative electronegativity of one element with another, and determine the formal charge of an atom or ion. Electronegativity and formal charge are key concepts in organic chemistry. 

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Miniaturization—chemistry and biology on a chip—has resulted only because of the confluence of science and engineering. The development of micro-fluidics technology has mainly been driven by the need to miniaturize, integrate, and automate biochemical analysis to increase speed and reduce costs. We are experiencing a revolution in the miniaturization of chemical systems for detection and analysis of hosts of chemical and biological materials and agents. Applications of basic principles of electrokinetics, hydraulics, and surface science have... 

Successful managed care systems deliver high-quality healthcare to their members, while maintaining low operating costs through effective application of basic principles of managed care. Three key issues addressed by these managed care principles include provider compensation, cost containment and quality of care. 

Robinson DS. The application of basic principles of drug interaction to clinical practice. J... 

Working within their legal, professional and moral duty to ensure a safe outdoor learning environment requires the teacher to identify, manage and control any risks to health and well-being. However, safe practice in the outdoor classroom is just as dependent on safety education, the creation of a safety ethos and the application of basic principles, as it is upon regulation and legislation. 

This entry is a short tutorial on the basics of electrochemistry that is applied to CEC columns. Because the typical CEC columns consist of a packed and an open segment, their individual electrochemical properties are quite different. The application of basic principles of electricity (Ohm s law) and knowledge of the lengths and cross-sectional area of the capillary are all that is necessary to calculate most of the basic electrochemical properties of... 

In Chapter 1 we introduce the concept of SHE (safety, health and environment) information systems. It will provide a frame of reference in our subsequent analysis of the different tools and methods used in accident control through experience feedback. We make a comparison with the human information processes and identify basic similarities and differences. Chapter 2 gives an overview of different boundary conditions of a SHE information system, both inside and outside a company. Chapter 3 introduces four different approaches in safety practice and describes how these will contribute in subsequent parts of the book to our understanding of how to prevent accidents. In Chapter 4 we will look into a case from the environmental field. It demonstrates a successful application of basic principles of experience feedback in the reduction of emissions from a fertiliser plant. We use this example to present some of the issues dealt with in later parts of the book and demonstrate how they form a coherent whole. 

The duration of a course is too short to include every process applied to every commodity. The subject matter must therefore be conceptually organised, and emphasis be placed on the application of basic principles to processes, with commodities being introduced by way of illustration. 

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