Application of supercritical fluids

Example of the application of supercritical fluid chromatography to the analysis of triglycerides. (Chromatogram courtesy of Alltech Associates, Inc. Deerfield, IL). 

TABLE 22-11 Commercial Applications of Supercritical Fluid Separations Technology... 

T. Greibrokk, Applications of supercritical fluid exti action in multidimensional systems , J. Chromatogr. 703 523-536 (1995). 

APPLICATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS TO EARTH ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY... 

Cajthaml T, V Sasek (2005) Application of supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) to predict bioremediation efficiency of long-term composting of PAH-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 39 8448-8452. 

J.R. Dean (ed.), Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Analysis, Blackie A P, Boca Raton, FL (1993). 

Principles and Characteristics Klesper et al. [14] have introduced supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The oil industry has been a major force in the development of many aspects of the application of supercritical fluids. Much of the pioneering development of SFC was carried out by Sie and Rijnders [231,232], who also coined the term supercritical fluid chromatography [233]. 

For the underlying science of supercritical fluids, try Steve Howdle s short article Supercritical solutions in Chemistry in Britain, August 2000, p. 23, which represents a useful introduction to the topic. For more applications of such fluids, try the short review article Some applications of supercritical fluid extraction , by D. P. Ndiomu and C. F. Simpson in Analytica ChimicaActa, 1988,213,237. The article is somewhat dated now but readable. A look at the contents list of The Journal of Supercritical Fluids will be more up-to-date go to http //www.umecheme. maine.edu/jsf. 

The microwave assisted extraction for organic compounds including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and organochlorine insecticides, described in section 11.1.8 [25] has been applied to sediments. The application of supercritical fluid extraction to the determination of various insecticides in soils described in section 11.1.7 [23] has been applied to river sediments. 

Pospisil PA, Marcus MF, Kobus MA. 1992. The application of supercritical fluid capillary chromatography to the analysis of appendix-VIII and IX compounds. In Waste testing and quality assurance third volume, ASTM STP 1075, D Fiedman, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials,Philadelphia, PA. ppl54-169. 

BRENECKE, J. F. Chem. Industry (4 November 1996) 831. New applications of supercritical fluids. 

King JW. 1989. Fundamentals and applications of supercritical fluid extraction in chromatographic science. J Chromatogr Sci 27 355-364. 

Bondar, E. Koel, M. 1998. Application of supercritical fluid extraction to organic geochemical studies of oil shale. Fuel, 77, 211-213. 

Application of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for selective isolation of organophosphorus pesticides from a real-world matrix (wheat flour) (Kim et al., 1998). 

Chauhan, N., Colclough, M.E., Hamid,). (1999) Synthesis of energetic materials in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. Proc. 6th Inti. Symp. on Applications of Supercritical Fluids, Nottingham, UK, 1999. 

C. L. Phelps, N. G. Smart, and C. M. Wai, Past, Present, and Possible Future Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology, J. Chem. Ed. 1996,73,... 

J.R. Dean, Applications of supercritical fluids in industrial analysis, lsl ed., Florida Chapman Hall (1993) Chp.l. 

The most widespread application of supercritical fluid technology is for extraction purposes. 

The supercritical fluid extraction of oil seeds has been investigated extensively by several authors [34,98]. Possible applications of supercritical fluids in the edible-oil industry include deacidification, deodorization, and fractionation of crude oils and chemical conversion (like hydrogenation, and enzymatic reactions). 

The application of supercritical fluids as anti-solvents is an alternative recrystallization technique for processing solids that are insoluble in SCF. This method exploits the ability of gases to dissolve in organic liquids and to lower the solvent power of the liquid for the compounds in solution, thus causing the solids to precipitate. 

The purpose of this section is not to give an exhaustive list of pharmaceutical applications of supercritical fluids, but to review this topic and discuss some examples where these ideas have been applied successfully. 

In the area of pharmaceuticals, particle formation is currently one of the most popular applications of supercritical fluids. The reasons can be found in the wide variety of particles obtained by the supercritical techniques. Void free particles or very soft particles, composed of polar or non-polar compounds, and with size ranging from 50 nanometr to 50 microns can be produced easily. 

This volume serves as a link between researchers studying the more fundamental aspects of supercritical fluids and researchers involved in the application of supercritical fluid technology to solve difficult chemical problems. 

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