Applications in Dentistry

Only two of these materials are of practical importance the zinc polycarboxylate cement of Smith (1968) and the glass-ionomer cement of Wilson Kent (1971). Both are used in dental applications and both have been used as bone cements. The glass-ionomer cement is, perhaps, the most versatile of all AB cements. It has many applications in dentistry a... 

The glass polyalkenoate cement uniquely combines translucency with the ability to bond to untreated tooth material and bone. Indeed, the only other cement to possess translucency is the dental silicate cement, while the zinc polycarboxylate cement is the only other adhesive cement. It is also an agent for the sustained release of fluoride. For these reasons the glass polyalkenoate cement has many applications in dentistry as well as being a candidate bone cement. Its translucency makes it a favoured material both for the restoration of front teeth and to cement translucent porcelain teeth and veneers. Its adhesive quality reduces and sometimes eliminates the need for the use of the dental drill. The release of fluoride from this cement protects neighbouring tooth material from the ravages of dental decay. New clinical techniques have been devised to exploit the unique characteristics of the material (McLean Wilson, 1977a,b,c Wilson McLean, 1988 Mount, 1990). 

The same principle is also applied in the manufacturing of printing plates for modern printing processes. Moreover, photopolymerization is used for coating of metals or wood and it finds also application in dentistry. 

Other applications in dentistry are (i) magnetic retention of vital teeth, (ii) magnetically-retained removable bridges, (iii) for use in artificial tooth implants which are fitted with magnetisable caps, (iv) applications in orthodontics. 

In the 1960s, the photopolymerization of polyol acrylates found a variety of applications in dentistry, including dental composite resins, adhesives, dentures, and... 

Some ceramics exhibit biocompatibility in the human body. Alumina and zirconia are employed as the ball for hip replacements. Hydroxyapatite (Caio(P04)6(OH)2) is used as bone replacements, as ocular implants, and as a coating for metallic implants. Ceramics also find application in dentistry for restorative work. 

For clinical applications in dentistry, it is convenient to work with mixtures made from a polymeric powder and a liquid monomer. The mixture attains a doughy consistency, and it can then be formed into intricate shapes. Subsequently, as a result of the combination of reactants in the powder and liquid, the monomer polymerizes to provide a rigid load-bearing material. This is usually a two-phase material in which the dispersed phase is attributable to particles originally present in the powder. Many proprietary materials comprise two phases of poly (methyl methacrylate), although other ingredients may be included to modify appearance and properties. 

OTHER COMMENTS Platinum metal is used in the manufacture of apparatus used in laboratories and industries, including thermocouples, acid-proof containers, chemical reaction vessels, platinum resistance thermometers, electrodes, etc. has found applications in dentistry, electroplating industry, and in the jewelry industry soluble platinum salts have been used as catalysts in the production of high octane gasoline, vinylesters, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals platinum metals, as well as soluble platinum salts, have been employed as oxidation catalysts in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, nitric acid from ammonia, and acetic acid soluble platinum salts have been used and reused in the reclamation of platinum ore. 

Au-Cu-Ag alloys based on the inter-metallic phases CuAu and CujAu have found applications in dentistry because of their extremely high corrosion resistance, their advantageous mechanical properties such as high strength and ductility, and their decorative gold color (Yasuda, 1991). These alloys age-harden as a result of complex ordering and decomposition reactions by which the phases CujAu I, CuAu I, CuAu II, and an Ag-rich tXj phase are formed, depending on the composition. 

Hoffmann, C., Berganza, C., Zhang, J. Cold Atmospheric Plasma methods of production and application in dentistry and oncology. Medical Gas Research 3, 21 (2013)... 

Aromatic dimethacrylates are used in many applications in dentistry, optical eye wear, fiber optics, and microelectronics. In addition, carbazole based polymers have demonstrated good photorefractive, optical, and chargetransporting properties, combined with ease of processing. By incorporating carbazole into novel aromatic methacrylates and dimethacrylates, materials with enhanced optical properties, such as refractive index are obtained. Such photocrosslinkable oligomers can be illustrated as follows ... 

Phosphoproteins have been extracted from viruses and they are present in the histone components of nucleosomes (Chapter 11.6). Phosphopeptides have potential applications in dentistry and medicine (Chapters 12.13 and 12.14). 

Carbon fiber has been used for many applications in dentistry [145-157]. 

The high mechanical strength and low permeation characteristics of LCER nanocomposite are suitable for medical applications. The application in dentistry... 

Zinc polycarboxylate cement, the first adhesive dental restorative material, is also described, though nowadays it has only niche applications in dentistry. 

An ionic polymer has been defined by Holliday (1) as a polymer which contains both covalent and ionic bonds in its structure. In the form of ionic pol)nner hydrogels, derived from polyelectrolytes by chemical gelation, they have found application in dentistry. The oldest class is the alginate impression material which is formed by a double decomposition reaction between sodium alginate and the salt of a divalent metal. Other classes are the ionomer and polycarboxy-late cements. 

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