Apparent chloride

H2S04(g) + 2NaCl Na2S04 + 2HCl(g) leading to an apparent chloride deficit in the marine aerosol. 

Latex-modified mortar and concrete have an excellent water impermeability as described in Sec. 2.4. Such good water impermeability also provides the high resistance of the latex-modified mortar and concrete to chloride ion (O ) penetration, which is one of the most important factors affecting the corrosion of reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete structures. Table gives the apparent chloride ion diffusion coefficient of latex-... 

Table 4.12 Apparent Chloride Ion Diffusion Coefficient of Latex-Modified Mortars and Concretes. 

Type of Mortar Polymer- Cement Ratio (%) Apparent Chloride Ion Diffusion Coefficient (cm s) Type of Concrete Polsrmer- Cement Ratio (%) Apparent Chloride Ion Diffusion Coefficient (cm /s)... 

Based on the chloride profiles from the bulk-diffusion testing in Fig. 1, the apparent chloride diffusivities (Dapp) and the surface chloride concentrations (Cs), are shown in Table 5. While the lowest chloride diffusivity was obtained with the hydrophobic agent used as surface treatment of the... 

ASTM C1556, 2012. Standard Test Method for Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixture by Bulk Diffusion. 

The ability to act as a lone pair acceptor is not confined to Group III, and can occur wherever a quantum level is incomplete. This ability to accept electrons explains why covalent chlorides, with the exception of carbon tetrachloride, are readily hydrolysed, the apparently anomalous behaviour of carbon tetrachloride being readily explained by the fact that the carbon has a completed quantum level and is unable to form an intermediate complex with water. 

Place 29 g. of n-caproamide (Section 111,109) into a 200 ml. distilling flask, and assemble the apparatus shown in Fig. Ill, 28, 1. Remove the trap momentarily and introduce 45 g. (27-5 ml.) of redistilled thionyl chloride no apparent reaction takes place in the cold. Warm the mixture on a water bath or by means of a small flame for 1 hour. Arrange the apparatus for distillation and distil oflF the excess of thionyl chloride (t.c., until the temperature reaches about 90°) and allow to cool. When cold, transfer the residue to a 100 ml. distilling flask (1). Distil from an air bath (Fig. II, 5, 3) the n-capronitrile passes over at 161-163° (2). The yield is 21 g. 

In a 500 ml. bolt-head flask, provided with a mechanical stirrer, place 70 ml. of oleum (20 per cent. SO3) and heat it in an oil bath to 70°. By means of a separatory funnel, supported so that the stem is just above the surface of the acid, introduce 41 g. (34 ml.) of nitrobenzene slowly and at such a rate that the temperature of the well-stirred mixture does not rise above 100-105°. When all the nitrobenzene has been introduced, continue the heating at 110-115° for 30 minutes. Remove a test portion and add it to the excess of water. If the odour of nitrobenzene is still apparent, add a further 10 ml. of fuming sulphuric acid, and heat at 110-115° for 15 minutes the reaction mixture should then be free from nitrobenzene. Allow the mixture to cool and pour it with good mechanical stirring on to 200 g. of finely-crushed ice contained in a beaker. AU the nitrobenzenesulphonic acid passes into solution if a little sulphone is present, remove this by filtration. Stir the solution mechanically and add 70 g. of sodium chloride in small portions the sodium salt of m-nitro-benzenesulphonic acid separates as a pasty mass. Continue the stirring for about 30 minutes, allow to stand overnight, filter and press the cake well. The latter will retain sufficient acid to render unnecessary the addition of acid in the subsequent reduction with iron. Spread upon filter paper to dry partially. 

The metal apparently was first isolated in 1841 by Peligot, who reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium. 

The most apparent chemical property of carboxylic acids their acidity has already been examined m earlier sections of this chapter Three reactions of carboxylic acids—con version to acyl chlorides reduction and esterification—have been encountered m pre vious chapters and are reviewed m Table 19 5 Acid catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids IS one of the fundamental reactions of organic chemistry and this portion of the chapter begins with an examination of the mechanism by which it occurs Later m Sec tions 19 16 and 19 17 two new reactions of carboxylic acids that are of synthetic value will be described... 

Russian Process Technology. Magnesium production ia the former Soviet Union is apparently done via molten chloride electrolysis (29,30). The basic process uses camaOite [1318-27-0], MgCl2 KCl 6H20, either from natural deposits or as a by-product of processiag natural salt deposits, as its... 

All lation. In alkylation, the dialkyl sulfates react much faster than do the alkyl haHdes, because the monoalkyl sulfate anion (ROSO ) is more effective as a leaving group than a haHde ion. The high rate is most apparent with small primary alkyl groups, eg, methyl and ethyl. Some leaving groups, such as the fluorinated sulfonate anion, eg, the triflate anion, CF SO, react even faster in ester form (4). Against phenoxide anion, the reaction rate is methyl triflate [333-27-7] dimethyl sulfate methyl toluenesulfonate [23373-38-8] (5). Dialkyl sulfates, as compared to alkyl chlorides, lack chloride ions in their products chloride corrodes and requires the use of a gas instead of a Hquid. The lower sulfates are much less expensive than lower bromides or iodides, and they also alkylate quickly. 

The apparent acid strength of boric acid is increased both by strong electrolytes that modify the stmcture and activity of the solvent water and by reagents that form complexes with B(OH) 4 and/or polyborate anions. More than one mechanism may be operative when salts of metal ions are involved. In the presence of excess calcium chloride the strength of boric acid becomes comparable to that of carboxyUc acids, and such solutions maybe titrated using strong base to a sharp phenolphthalein end point. Normally titrations of boric acid are carried out following addition of mannitol or sorbitol, which form stable chelate complexes with B(OH) 4 in a manner typical of polyhydroxy compounds. EquiUbria of the type ... 

Methylene chloride, appHed to both intact and abraded skin of rabbits in doses as large as 0.5 g/kg body weight per day, five times per week, for a period of 90 days, caused no apparent adverse effects. Absorption through the skin is not usually a ha2ard when good working practices are followed. 

Chloro-l,2-butadiene [25790-55-0] is mainly of historical iaterest (2). It is formed from vinylacetylene and HCl ia the absence of an isomerization catalyst. In the usual process for chloroprene usiag cuprous chloride, a portion of this isomer may be formed initially and then isomerize, but most of the chloroprene is apparently formed directly by the addition. 

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