Apoptosis caspases, role

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Rehm, M., Dussmann, H., Janicke, R. U., Tavare, J. M., Kogel, D. and Prehn, J. H. (2002). Single-cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis demonstrates that caspase activation during apoptosis is a rapid process. Role of caspase-3. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 24506-14. 

The postmitochondrial events of apoptosis include activation of the caspases. Cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1 in the cytosol, resulting in the recruitment and activation of caspase-9, which in turn activates cas-pase-3 (Figs 35-4, 35-5). Fourteen different mammalian caspases have been identified and each may play a key role... 

Necrosis is a dramatic and very rapid form of cell death in which essentially every compartment of the cell disintegrates. Necrosis is characterized by marked dysregulation of ion homeostasis resulting in cell swelling, dilation of mitochondria and the ER and the formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm [33], Proteases play important roles in the degradation of cells during necrosis. In contrast to apoptosis, where caspases are the key death proteases, calpains and lysosomal proteases (cathepsins B and D, in particular) are major players in necrosis. Caspases may be activated in response to mitochondrial damage and... 

It is now well estahlished that activation of the caspase cascade is an indispensable and sufficient process in the execution phase of apoptosis (Nunez et al, 1998). As for mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, cytochrome c released from the mitochondrial inner membrane is well known to play an important role in the activation of caspase 9, one of the upstream proteases in the cascade (Zou et al, 1997). For activation of caspase 9, cytochrome c or apoptotic protease activating factor 2 (Apaf 2) induces the formation of the complex between Apaf 1 and caspase 9. The resultant activated caspase 9 then activates caspase 3, which in turn leads to the genomic DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. 

Their role in oxidized-mediated cell death is also assessed (i) by the protective effect of antioxidants which reduce or inhibit oxidized LDL-induced ROS generation, caspase activation and subsequent apoptosis. 

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