ApoE, genotype

Richard F, Helbecque N, Neuman E, Guez D, Levy R, Amouyel P. APOE genotyping and response to drug treatment in Alzheimer s disease. Lancet 1997 349 539. 

Fig. 10.7 Brain mapping activity (theta band) according to Global Deterioration Stage (GDS) staging (cognitive deterioration) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype in Alzheimer s disease. (From refs. 19 and 20.)...

In 1993, Allen Roses and coworkers found a clear association between APOE genotypes and AD, demonstrating that the frequency of the APOE-4 allele was... 

Interaction of CYP2D6 and APOE in the Pharmacogenetics of Alzheimer s Disease Influence of APOE Genotypes on CVPZDG.pelsted Extensive (EM). Intermediate (IM) and Poor Metabolizers (PM)... 

APOE genotypes directly influence lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis (see Fig. 10.17). The presence of the APOE-4 allele contributes to the phenotypic manifestation of atherosclerosis, brain amyloid angiopathy, and cerebral white... 

Ganzer, S., Ard, S., Schoder, V., et al. (2003) CSF-tau, CSF-Abetal-42, APOE-genotype and clinical parameters in the diagnosis of Alzheimer s disease combination of CSF-tau and MMSE yields highest sensitivity and specificity. J. Neural Transm., 110, 1149-1160. 

Cacabelos, R., Lao, 1.1., Beyer, K., Alvarez, X.A., Eranco-Maside, A. (1996) Genetic testing in Alzheimer s disease APOE genotyping and etiopathogenic factors. Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 18(suppl. A), 161-178. 

Glockner, E., Ohn, T.G. (2003) Hippocampal apolipoprotein D level depends on Braak stage and APOE genotype. Neuroscience, 122, 103-110. 

Borroni, B., Colciaghi, F., Pastorino, L., et al. (2002) APOE genotype influences the biological effects of donepezil on APP metabolism in Alzheimer disease evidence from a peripheral model. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol, 12, 195-200. 

Aerssens, J., Raeymaekers, P., Lilienfeld, S., Geerts, H., Konings, F., Parys, W. (2001) APOE genotype no influence on galantamine treatment efficacy nor on rate of decline in Alzheimer s disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord., 2, 69-11. 

Babic, T., Lakusic, D.M., Sertic, J., Petrovecki, M., Stavljenic-Rukavina, A. (2004) APOE genotyping and response to galanthamine in Alzheimer s disease-a real Ufe retrospective study. Coll. Antropol, 28, 199-204. 

Engelborghs, S., Dermaut, B., Goeman, J., et al. (2003) Prospective Belgian study of neuro-degenerative and vascular dementia APOE genotype effects. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 74, 1148-1151. 

Borroni, B., Archetti, S., Agosti, C., et al. (2004) Intronic CYP46 polymorphism along with APOE genotype in sporadic Alzheimer s disease from risk factors to disease modulators. Neurobiol. Aging, 25, 747-751. 

Atkinson C, Oosthuizen W, Scollen et al. Modest protective effects of isoflavones from a red clover-derived dietary supplement on cardiovascular disease risk factors in perimenopausal women, and evidence of an interaction with ApoE genotype in 49-65 year-old women. J. Nutr. 134, 1759-1764, 2004. 

Genomic DNA with at least two different apoE genotypes (E2, E4). 

Van Broeckhoven C, Backhovens H, Cruts M (1994) APOE genotype does not modulate age of onset in families widi chromosome 14 encoded Alzheimer s disease. Neurosci Let 169 179—180. 

Lombardi VR, Garcia M, Cacabelos R (1998) Microglial acdvadon induced by factor(s) contained in sera from Alzheimer-related ApoE genotypes. J Neurosci Res 54 539—553. 

Mosconi L, Perani D, Sorbi S, Herholz K, Nacmias B, Holthoff V, Salmon E, Baron JC, De Cristofaro MT, Padovani A, Borroni B, Franceschi M, Bracco L, Pupi A (2004) MCI conversion to dementia and the APOE genotype A prediction study with EDG-PET. Neurology 63 2332-2340. 

The reports of observably lower incidence of SAD among the patients prescribed statins (56), the differentiated cholesterol response to statin treatment dependent on the allele present (57), and the surprising response of e4 carriers with CVD to statin in a myocardial infarction survival study (58) emphasize the need for large enrollment studies of these links. An additional link between the ApoE allele and AD comes from the increased CSF cortisol as a function of ApoE genotype (59). The highest levels of cortisol that may contribute to neuronal degeneration were observed in e4/e4 individuals with AD. 

Factors for which the anecdotal threshold has been crossed are briefly discussed below. Unsurprisin y, they link to the ApoE genotype. 

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