Anxiety disorders cholecystokinin

Several neuropeptides are under current investigation for their role in anxiety disorders. Important neuropeptides include neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P, and cholecystokinin. NPY appears to have a role in reducing the effect of stress hormones and inhibiting activity of the LC. Both mechanisms may contribute to the anxiolytic properties seen experimentally. Substance P may have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. This may be due in part to its effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone.21... 

There has been a plethora of linkage and association studies attempting to identify genes for anxiety disorders. The neurotransmitter systems that have been implicated in anxiety disorders include adenosine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In... 

Lesch KP, Wiesmann M, Hoh A (1992) 5-HTlA receptor-effector system responsivity in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 106 111-117 Levin AP, Doran AR, Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Klein DF, Paul SM (1987) Pituitary adrenocortical unresponsiveness in lactate-induced panic. Psychiatry Res 21 23-32 Lines C, Challenor J, Traub M (1995) Cholecystokinin and anxiety in normal volunteers—an investigation of the anxiogenic properties of pentagastrin and reversal by the cholecystokinin receptor subtype-b-antagonist L-365,260. Br J Clin Pharmacol 39 235-242 Low K, Crestani F, Keist R, Benke D, Brunig I (2000) Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety. Science 290 131-134 Lucki I (1996) Serotonin receptor specificity in anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 57(Suppl 6) 5-10... 

To date, evidence suggests that cholecystokinin-B activation may trigger a cascade of neurochemical events culminating in both the psychic and the somatic features of anxiety. In summary, these data continue to suggest an interesting opportunity to qualitatively broaden the clinician s armamentarium against one or more of the anxiety disorders. 

Abelson JL, Cameron OG Adrenergic dysfunction in anxiety disorders, in Adrenergic Dysfunction and Psychobiology. Edited by Cameron OG. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1995, pp 403-446 Abelson JL, Nesse RM Cholecystokinin-4 and panic (comment). Arch Gen Psychiatry 47 395, 1990... 

Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Payeur R Study of the replication of action of cholecystokinin in panic disorders. Am J Psychiatry 149 962-964, 1992c Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Couetoux-Dutertre AC, et al L-365,260, a CCK-B receptor antagonist, blocks CCK-4 panic (oral presentation). Presented at the annual meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America (NR 235), Charleston, SC, March 20, 1993... 

Lee YM, Beinbom M, McBride EW, et al The human brain cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor cloning and characterization. J Biol Chem 268 8164-8169, 1993 Legris P, George Y, Boval P, et al A comparative study of alpidem versus Buspirone, in Imidazopyridines in Anxiety Disorders A Novel Experimental and Therapeutic Approach. Edited by Barthohni G, Garreau M, MorseUi PL. New York, Raven, 1993, pp 183-192... 

Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS The epidemiology of anxiety disorders the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) experience. J Psychiatr Res 24 3-14, 1990 Rehfeld JF Immunochemical studies on cholecystokinin, II distribution and molecular heterogeneity in the central nervous system and small intestine of man and hog. J Biol Chem 253 4022-4030, 1978... 

Bradwejn J, Koszycki D The cholecystokinin hypothesis of anxiety and panic disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 713 273-282, 1994a... 

The C02 inhalation challenge and sodium lactate infusion challenge paradigms show high specificity for panic disorder but less sensitivity than the cholecystokinin (CCA) or methyl-chlorophenylpiperazine (niCPP) challenge tests, which are also able to provoke panic symptoms and anxiety in health volunteers. Flumazenil a benzodiazepine antagonist can provoke panic attacks in some panic disorder patients but with lower sensitivity than sodium lactate infusion, C02 or CCK. 

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