Antizyme

ATP- and antizyme-dependent endoproteolysis of ornithine decarboxylase to oligopeptides by the 26S proteasome. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 17382-17385. 

Savage RE Jr., Nofzinger K, Bedell C, et al. 1989. Chloroform-induced multiple forms of ornithine decarboxylase Differential sensitivity of forms to enhancement by diethyl maleate and inhibition by ODC-antizyme. J Toxicol Environ Health 27 57-64. 

Savage RE Jr., Pereira MA, DeAngelo AB. 1988. Chloroform induction of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (ODC-AZ) in male rat liver. J Toxicol Environ Health 1 97-101. 

Canellakis, E.S. Paterakis, A.A. Huang, S.C. Panagiotidis, C.A. Kyriaki-dis, D.A. Identification, cloning, and nucleotide sequencing of the ornithine decarboxylase antizyme gene of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 7129-7133 (1993)... 

This sequence is followed closely by an element of secondary structure, most often a pseudoknot.486 492 Eukaryotic frameshifts are almost always in the -1 direction, the exception being found in the mammalian mRNA for antizyme, a negative regulator of ornithine decarboxylase (Chapter 24, p. 1382).493 The frame-shift occurs at an initially in-frame termination codon (UGA), which is followed by a pseudoknot. 

Most translation is terminated at this stop codon, but frameshifting, which is induced by a high polyamine concentration, allows read-through and synthesis of the antizyme protein. In rare cases frameshifting may lead to translational bypass of some codons on the mRNA. Such a case is found in a bacteriophage T4 mRNA for which the E. coli ribosomes bypass 50 nucleotides in order to complete the synthesis of a... 

Palanimurugan R, Scheel H, Hofmann K, Dohmen RJ (2004) Polyamines regulate their synthesis by inducing expression and blocking degradation of ODC antizyme. EMBO J 23 4857 1867... 

Bateman, 1994). Coleman and colleagues (1994) have documented rapid exchange between subunits of dimeric ornithine decarboxylase and suggest that this exchange facilitates regulation by antizyme. In contrast, there is no evidence for a rapid equilibrium between subunits of the 14-subunit chaperone GroEL (A. Horwich, personal communication), or in a number of other multisubunit enzymes (Distefano et al., 1990 Perry et al., 1992 Wente and Schachman, 1987). The potential importance of subunit exchange to sHsp function is discussed further below. 

In eukaryotes, turnover of ODC is controlled by binding to an antizyme at the dimer interface with formation of an ODC—antizyme heterodimer that targets the decarboxylase to degradation by the 26S proteasome. ... 

Liao CP, Lasbiuy ME, Wang SH, Zhang C, Durant PJ, Murakami Y, Matsufuji S, Lee CH (2009) Pneumocystis mediates overexpression of antizyme inhibitor resulting in increased polyamine levels and apoptosis in alveolar macrophages. J Biol Chem 284 8174-8184... 

Keywords Antizyme Antizyme inhibitor Ornithine decarboxylase Proteasome Translational frameshifting Ubiquitin-independent degradation... 

Almrud JJ, Oliveira MA, Kem AD, Grishin NV, PhiUips MA, Hackert ML (2000) Crystril structure of human ornithine decarboxylase at 2.1 A resolution structural insights to antizyme binding. J Mol Biol 295 7-16... 

Chen H, MacDonald A, Coffino P (2002) Structural elements of antizymes 1 and 2 are required for proteasomal degradation of ornithine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 277 45957-45961 Coffino P (2001) Regulation of cellular polyamines by antizyme. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol... 

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