Antiviral factor

Proteomics have been used to develop biomarkers. This is achieved by comparative analysis of protein expression in healthy and diseased tissues to identify expressed proteins to be used as new markers, by analysis of secreted proteins in cell lines and primary cultures, and by direct serum protein profiling. MALDI seems to be a good technique for direct protein analysis in biological fluids (e.g., the identification of the small proteins-defensin 1, 2 and 3 as related to the anti-HIV-1 activity of CD8 antiviral factor). 

Levy, J.A., A.B. Ibrahim, T. Shirai, K. Ohta, R. Nagasawa, H. Yoshida,J. Estes, and M. Gardner. Dietary Fat Affects Immune Response, Production of Antiviral Factors, and Immune Complex Disease in NZP/NZW Mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 79, no. 6 (March 1982) 1974—78. 

Mackewicz CE, Ortega H, Levy JA. Effect of cytokines on HTV replication in CD4-I- lymphocytes lack of identity with the CD8+ cell antiviral factor. Cell Immunol 1994 153 329-343. 

Lee, C. H., and Schloemer, R. H., 19816, Identification of the antiviral factor in culture medium of mosquito cells persistently infected with Banzi virus. Virology 110 445. 

Thiosemicarba2ones have long been used as antiviral agents, principally against pox vimses of the vaccinia family. One compound of this series, the isatin derivative (6) C HgN OS, has been used prophylacticaHy to prevent outbreaks of smallpox in humans (10) and to inhibit the protein synthesis in poxvims-infected cells. The molecular mechanics relating to this property are still not known (11), though the binding of a metal ion may be a key factor... 

Lignans show strong antitumor, antiviral and antibacterial activity, as well as influence upon expression of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 

Several cytokines are in clinical use that support immune responses, such as IL-2, DFNs, or colony-stimulating factors. IL-2 supports the proliferation and effector ftmction of T-lymphocytes in immune compromised patients such as after prolonged dialysis or HIV infection. IFNs support antiviral responses or antitumoral activities of phagocytes, NK cells, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Colony-stimulatory factors enforce the formation of mature blood cells from progenitor cells, e.g., after chemo- or radiotherapy (G-CSF to generate neutrophils, TPO to generate platelets, EPO to generate erythrocytes). 

The 2 -chloro and 2 -bromo congeners of either 748 (FIAC) or 758 (FMAU) are more cytotoxic than FIAC and FMAU, suggesting that these chloro and bromo nucleosides, in contrast to the 2 -fluoro compounds, are comparatively better substrates for deoxycytidine kinase of human lymphocytes than the substrates for viral-specific thymidine kinase. The disposition of the 2 -fluoro group may also be important from the biological viewpoint. It should be noted that the structural difference between RNA and DNA is at the 2 -position. The ribo type of analog (738) of FIAC is 10 times less effective in suppression of HSV replication than is FIAC. Thus Fox, and Watanabe and coworkers concluded that the 2 - up fluorine disposition and the species of the substituent at C-5 are the two important factors influencing antiviral activity. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action of 2 -deoxy-2 -fluorocytidine (737) on certain herpes viruses, including HSV-1... 

---