Antimicrobial drugs resistance

Antimicrobials, including antibiotics, are drugs used to destroy or slow the growth of microorganisms in our body. The mechanisms of action of these drugs on the microbes can be classified as follow  

For example, methiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of bacteria that has become resistant to methicUhn. In healthy individuals, the S. aureus, though present, does not cause active infection. But in the immune suppressed and the elderly, S. aureus infection can result in morbidity and mortality. Worse still is the fact that MRSA is spread in healthcare institutions and community centers such as hospitals, medical centers, nursing homes, childcare centers, gymnasiums, and confined living quarters. The terms HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA refer to hospital-associated and community-associated MRSA. 

Enterococci bacteria, although less common than S. aureus, can infect hospitalized patients, comphcate diseases, and prolong hospital stays. A particular strain that is vancomycin resistant (VRE) can be fatal and accounts for one-third of the infections in intensive care units. 

Hygiene and sanitation play an important role in the transmission of microbe infections. At the same time, new and more effective antimicrobials are being developed  

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Gilbart J., Perry CR. Slocombe B. (1993) High-level mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus evidence for two distinct isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 31, 32-38. Godfrey A.J. Bryan L.E. (1984) Intrinsic resistance and whole cell factors contributing to antibiotic resistance, hv. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance (ed. L.E. Bryan), pp. 113-145. New York Academic Press. 

Johnsen PJ, Townsend JP, Bohn T et al (2009) Pactors affecting the reversal of antimicrobial-drug resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 9(6) 357-364... 

Gold, H. S., and R. C. Moellering, Jr. 1996. Antimicrobial-drug resistance. New England Journal of Medicine 335(November 7) 1445-1453. 

Problems with antimicrobial drugs resistance opportunistic infection masking of infections... 

The increasing rate of antimicrobial drug resistance has been a matter of great concern and is the most serious unwanted effect of these drugs. However, in spite of the fact that the problem is now very well recognized (SEDA-25, 279), it continues to grow. 

At present, it seems that Europe has taken the lead in the fight against antimicrobial drug resistance. At the Fourth European Conference on Antibiotic Resistance, organized by the European Commission and held in Rome in November 2003, it was strongly emphasized that only a multidisciplinary approach, involving all stakeholders—physicians, researchers, industry, politicians. 

Parry CM. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella enterica. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003 16 467-72. 

S0RUM H (2006) Antimicrobial drug resistance in fish pathogens, in Aarestrup F (ed.) Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin. Washington DC ASM Press, 213-238. 

Derewacz DK, Goodwin CR, McNees CR, McLean JA, Bachmann BO. Antimicrobial drug resistance affects broad changes in metabolomic phenotype in addition to secondary metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013 110 2336- 1 (S 2336/1-S 2336/188). 

Gold HS, Moellering RC Jr. Antimicrobial-drug resistance. N Engl J Med 1996 335 1445-1453. 

K. Molbak, Human health consequences of antimicrobial drug-resistant Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens, Clin. Infect. Dis., 2005, 41, 1613-1620. 

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