Antimicrobial cloves

Brandy or alcohol extracts of spices and herbs may be used for flavoring vermouth (Rizzo, 1957). Spices like anola, and ginger are known to possess medicinal properties, as well as antimicrobial activities (Joshi and John, 2002). The precise details of extraction differ among manufactures. The more important botanical constituents include coriander, cloves, chamomile, dittany of Crete, orris, and quassia. Additional flavorant may include allspice, angelica, anise, bitter almond, cinchona, coriander, juniper, nutmeg, orange peel, and rhubarb. 

Clove bud oil has various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and insecticidal properties. The high level of eugenol present in the essential oil imparts strong biological and antimicrobial activity. 

Clove exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (De et al., 1999). Essential oils from clove and eugenol show various degrees of inhibition against... 

Aspergillus niger, S. cerevisiae, Mycoderma sp., Lactobacillus acidophilus and B. cereus, as estimated by the paper disc agar diffusion method (Meena and Sethi, 1994). The oil also inhibits the growth of Fusarium verticilloides (Veluti et al., 2004). Clove oil (1% v/w) inhibits Listeria monocytogenes in chicken frankfurters (Mytle et al., 2006). It has excellent antimicrobial properties and is used in food preservation (Smith Palmer etal., 1998, 2001). 

Mytle, N., Anderson, G.L., Doyle, M.P. and Smith, M.A. (2006) Antimicrobial activity of clove (Syzgium aromaticum) oil in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes on chicken frankfurters. Food Control 1 7(1), 102-107. 

Products and Uses Naturally occuring in cinnamon, cloves (ripe), cranberries, plums, and prunes. Used in food preservatives, tobacco seasoning, flavors, perfumes, and toothpastes. Utilized orally as an antiseptic, diuretic, and expectorant and as an antimicrobial (antiseptic) agent, flavoring agent, and food preservative. 

Briozzo, J. L., Chiiife, J., Herzage, L., and Daquino, M. (1989). Antimicrobial activity of clove oil dispersed in a concentrated sugar solution. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66, 69-75. 

A series of pentaketides derived from five C2 units is also known. Eugenone (8) (Fig. 5.3) occurs in the essential oil of cloves, Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae). Citrinin (9), a carcinogenic antimicrobial metabolite produced by several... 

The in vitro most antimicrobially active essential oils regularly (or normally) contain substances as main components, which are themselves known to exhibit pronounced antimicrobial properties. These are cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamon bark and cassia oil) and the phenolic compounds eugenol (clove and cinnamon leaf oil) and thymol (thyme oil) (Pauli, 2001). All these essential oils reveal a broadband spectrum of activity in various in vitro test systems (agar diffusion, dilution, and VP) due to their considerable water solubility and volatility. The evaluated antimicrobial inhibitory data of the essential oils obtained in agar dilution tests, serial DIL, and VP tests are summarized in Table 14.81. 

To nd out the most appropriate method for antimicrobial testing of essential oils or components thereof, literature inhibitory data of eugenol against E. coli were compared with each other, and it was concluded that the variation of data as it is obtained in the serial DIL is tolerable (MIC range from 250 to 600 pg/mL) (Pauli and Kubeczka, 1996). The same is true for clove oil, which was found to be active in DILs against E. coli in the range from 400 to 1250 pg/mL in seven of nine examinations (Table 14.26). 

Okazaki, K. and S. Oshima, 1952a. Antibacterial activity of higher plants. XX. Antimicrobial effect of essential oils. 1). Clove oil and eugenoh YakugakuZasshi, 72 558-560. 

Prasad, G., A. Kumar, A.K. Singh et al., 1986. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of some Ocimum species and clove oil. Fitoterapia, 57 429-432. 

Hosseini MH, Razavi SH, Mousavi MA. Antimicrobial, physical and mechanical properties of chitosan-based films incorporated with thyme, clove and cinnamon essential oils. J Food Process Preserv 2009 33 727-743. 

Clove oil and cinnamon leaf oil contain eugenol as the main constituent and are usually tested for their antimicrobial activity in the same investigations. Hence, they will be discussed together. 

Goni P, Lopez P, Sanchez C et al (2009) Antimicrobial activity in the vapor phase of a combination of cinnamon and clove essential ods. Eood Chem 116 982-989 Hajlaoui H, Snoussi M, Noumi E et al (2010) Chemical composition, antiotddant and antibacterial activities of the essential ods of five Tunisian aromatic plants. Ital J Eood Sci 3 320-329 Hammer KA, Carson CE, Rdey TV (1999) Antimicrobial activity of essential ods and another plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol 86 985-990... 

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