Anticonvulsants benzodiazepine

Similarly, the GABAa receptor in the CNS, which is coupled to a chloride ion channel, can be modulated by anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. 

Other relatively common side effects are weakness, headache, blurred vision, vertigo, nausea and vomiting, epigastric distress, and diarrhea joint pains, chest pains, and incontinence are much rarer. Anticonvulsant benzodiazepines sometimes actually increase the frequency of seizures in patients with epilepsy. Possible adverse effects of altered sleep patterns are discussed below. 

Although clinically prescribed as sedatives and anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines can be abused and therefore must be monitored in drug tests. Many GC-MS methods are currently available for the analysis of benzodiazepines [46-50]. Recent advances have been made with regards to preanalysis enzyme hydrolysis [46,48], analysis of the drugs in human tissue [47], and the investigation of new sample preparation techniques [49]. A good review of numerous techniques currently used to analyze benzodiazepines was published by Drummer [50]. 

It appears that other anticonvulsant benzodiazepines, such as midazolam, avizafone, and lorazepam, are just as effective in stopping nerve agent-induced seizure as diazepam in a hospital setting. In animal studies, midazolam was even more effective than diazepam (BokonjiiS... 

The CCK system shares one property with the opioid system, ie, the existence of selective nonpeptide antagonists. These include aspedicine, a natural benzodiazepine (136), and Devazepide (L-364,718 MK-329) (137). Selective, potent peptide antagonists for CCK, eg, Cl-988 and PD 134308, have been developed that maybe useful as anxiolytics and as dmgs which increase the analgesic effect of morphine but at the same time prevent morphine tolerance (138) (see Hypnotics, sedatives, anticonvulsants, and anxiolytics). 

AHopregnanolone and similar A-ring-reduced pregnanes potentiate GABA effects at these receptors. These steroids mimic the effects of the benzodiazepines, changing chloride ion conductance and producing sedative and hypnotic behavioral effects (276,277). Neuroactive steroids can be therapeutically useful as anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, or anesthetics (qv) (see also Hypnotics, sedatives, anticonvulsants, and anxiolytics). 

Benzodiazepines. Several BZs have anticonvulsant activity and ate used for the treatment of epilepsy producing their anticonvulsant actions via interactions with the GABA /BZ receptor complex to enhance inhibitory GABAergic transmission (1). The anticonvulsant actions of the BZs tend to tolerate upon chronic usage in six months, and BZs also lead to withdrawal symptomatology. Other side effects include sedation, ataxia, and cognitive impairment. 

Benzodiazepines, ie, the hiU BZR agonists, are prescribed for anxiety, insomnia, sedation, myorelaxation, and as anticonvulsants (97). Those benzodiazepines most commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders are lorazepam (19), alprazolam (20), diazepam (21), bromazepam (22), chlorazepate (23), and oxazepam (24). These dmgs together represent about 70% of total... 

Benzodiazepines as antianxiety agents, 1, 170 as anticonvulsants, 1, 166 organometallic complexes, 7, 604 as sedatives, 1, 166 IH- 1,2-Benzodiazepines conversion to 3H-1,2-benzodiazepines, 7, 604 synthesis, 7, 597, 598, 604 3H-1,2-Benzodiazepines acid-catalyzed reactions, 7, 601 nucleophilic reactions, 7, 604 oxidation, 7, 603 synthesis, 7, 596 thermal reactions, 7, 600 5H-1,2-Benzodiazepines photochemical reactions, 7, 599 synthesis, 7, 603... 

P-Blockers, benzodiazepines, NSAIDs, barbiturates NSAIDs, protease inhibitors, P-blockers, benzodiazepines Antimalarials, NSAIDs, P-blockers, bronchodilators Phosphine oxides, NSAIDs, anticonvulsants Bronchodilators, P-blockers... 

Benzodiazepines have found wide therapeutic applications as anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and central muscle relaxants. 

Control of early withdrawal symptoms, which prevents their progression to more serious symptoms, is the indication for which medications are most widely prescribed in the treatment of alcohol dependence. The most commonly used agents to treat alcohol withdrawal are the benzodiazepines, a class of drugs that, by virtue of their agonist activity at the GABA receptor complex, suppress the hyperexcitability associated with alcohol withdrawal. With widespread use of anticonvulsant medications for bipolar disorder and other disorders associated with behavioral disinhibition and CNS hyperexcitability, anticonvulsants have also been examined for use in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. 

Benzodiazepines are the evidence-based treatment of choice for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal.17 Barbiturates are not recommended because of their low therapeutic index due to respiratory depression. Some of the anticonvulsants have also been used to treat uncomplicated withdrawal (particularly car-bamazepine and sodium valproate). Although anticonvulsants provide an alternative to benzodiazepines, they are not as well studied and are less commonly used. The most commonly employed benzodiazepines are chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam. They differ in three major ways (1) their pharmacokinetic properties, (2) the available routes for their administration, and (3) the rapidity of their onset of action due to the rate of gastrointestinal absorption and rate of crossing the blood-brain barrier. 

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used for severe mania or depression during pregnancy and for mixed episodes prior to treatment, anticonvulsants, lithium, and benzodiazepines should be tapered off to maximize therapy and minimize adverse effects. 

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