Anti-nodes

The accumulation of an ideal mass layer at the crystal surface, which is an anti-node or maximum of displacement, causes an increase in the kinetic energy with no change in potential energy. This assumes that the mass layer is sufficiently thin and/or rigid and that displacement is uniform across its thickness,... 

Bragg peaks are found for integer values of /, but there remains some intensity in between, even when / is a multiple of half-integer, i.e. when successive net planes scatter out-of phase. At these anti-node positions, 7 and have comparable magnitudes the intensity diffracted by the semi-infinite lattice is of the order of the intensity diffracted by a single monolayer. 

Figure 15.8 shows the time-averaged distributions of heat releeise with and without control. With strong oscillations and no control, the flame is anchored to the flame holder. Thus, the pressure anti-node is associated with high heat release, a condition that will promote thermoacoustic coupling. With control, the flame is slightly lifted, and heat release at the flame holder or pressure anti-node is considerably lower. 

Recently, Petersson et al. [12] have developed a Lab-on-a-Chip device for particle separation based on this ultrasonic principle. In order to demonstrate the separation of particles with different physical properties in a continuous laminar flow, they have prepared a microfluidic device with a 750 xm wide and 250 p,m deep channel. As a test material, a mixture of milk and blood was used. The ultrasound half standing wave at 2 MHz was produced by a piezoelectric ceramic, which was glued directly on the bottom of the microfluidic device. Milk was used as an initial test medium (Fig. 9a and 9b) to confirm that the hpid particles within the milkfat were attracted toward the pressure anti-nodes of the half standing wave, which exist along the microfluidic channel wall. In addition, when they infused a mixture of milk and blood, they found efficient separation of blood cells from the mixture (Fig. 9c). This demonstration showed that a mixture of heterogeneous conponents can be effectively separated by utilizing ultrasonic standing waves, combined with the laminar flow in microfluidic channels. The separation efficiency of erythrocytes from the mixture was about 70%, while more than 80% of the milkfat lipid particles were... 

Anti-node A point of maximum amplitude of vibration (see node). 

FIGURE 10 Sketch of a CW ultrasound source. The important feature is that the entire system vibrates so that the support is a node (minimum vibration level) and the two ends are anti-nodes (maximum vibration level). 

It is customary today to classify anti arrhythmic drugs according to their mechanism of action. This is best defined by intracellular recordings that yield monophasic action potentials. In the accompanying figure, the monophasic action potentials of (A) slow response fiber (SA node) and (B) fast Purkinje fiber are shown. For each description that follows, choose the appropriate drug with which the change in character of the monophasic action potential is likely to be associated... 

Mercuric chloride in the BN rat gives a lymphoproliferation in spleen and lymph nodes, including B and T helper cells, an increase in the number of Ig containing cells resulting in a rise in all serum Ig isotypes and an early thymic atrophy [196]. The kinetics of the increase in the serum level of various Ig isotypes were similar to that observed for IgE, suggesting spontaneous autoregulation, which could involve suppressor T cells [ 197, 198] and/or auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies [ 199]. 

To test DC-specific targeting, model antigens such as hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and ovalbumin (OVA) were covalently linked to anti-DEC-205 antibodies and injected into mice. This resulted in antigen loading of the lymph node DCs,... 

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