Anti-bacterial substances

The formation from glucose by members of the Penicillium chrysogenum series of pigments, an alkali soluble protein and penicillin, the anti-bacterial substance of Fleming, P.W. Clutterbuck, R. Lovell and H. Raistrick, Biochem. /., 1932, 26, 1907. 

Tphe presence of the ketovinyl groups has been implicated in the anti-bacterial activity of a number of substances (I), both natural and synthetic (1—7). An example is penicillic acid which exists mainly in the cyclic form (I) whereas, at higher pH, the anion of the chain form (II) occurs (6, 8). Addition to or loss of the reactive double-bond in these compounds markedly reduces their activity (I, 6, 7). The bacteriostatic... 

Creation of novel biocide polymers represents important direction in present-day chemistry of high-molecular compounds. This problem became especially relevant recently when wide spreading of stable to various bactericidal substances strains and possibility of their epidemic spreading was the serious problem for the formation of effective anti-bacterial therapy. 

Lophirosides (7-10) have weak anti-bacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus (minimum inhibitory amount = 100 pg each), but they may act as defensive substances against predatory mammals on account of their bitterness [17]. 

It seems curious that no extension, from pharmacodynamics to chemotherapy, took place until 1940, when Donald Woods (London) demonstrated the reversal, by/ -aminobenzoic acid (PAB) (2.12), of the anti-bacterial action of sulfanilamide (2.13) (Woods, 1940). He attributed this effect to a general steric and electronic similarity between the two substances, two kinds of relationship later quantified by Paul Bell and Richard Roblin (1942). Very small changes in these physical properties were then shown to alter the action of the drug for worse, if the properties became too divergent, but for better if they converged. This correlation was confirmed in 1962 when Gene Brown (Massachusetts)... 

Sulfachrysoidine ( Prontosil ) (3.30), the first of the anti-bacterial sulfonamides, was thought to be the true drug when it was introduced into medicine in 1935. But workers in the Institut Pasteur were able to show, in the same year, that this substance was inactive, and established that the true drug was p-aminobenzenesulfonamide (sulfanilamide) (3.31) which was formed by re-... 

The rifamycins are antibiotics isolated in Italy from Streptomyces mediterranei and then chemically altered to give more selective products. Rifamycin SV 4.37a) is the original substance but its derivative rifampicin (rifampin in the USA) 4.37b) is now the established drug in this series. It is much used, in conjunction with isoniazid (Section 11.9), for the cure of severe cases of tuberculosis but is still too expensive for general use (American Thoracic Society, 1980). Because it is one of the most selective of all known anti-bacterial drugs, it could profitably... 

A related procedure is seen at work in an anti-bacterial IMBI, D-3-fluoro-alanine (9.91), which is being clinically studied. This substance irreversibly inhibits alanine racemase, the enzyme that provides essential D-alanine for synthesizing the walls of bacteria (Wang and Walsh, 1978). 

A row-dilution test (Sadler and Binder, 1996) was carried out in order to determine the anti-bacterial effect of different test substances (organic acids). This trial design made it possible to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) required for bacteriostasis (Drews, 1983). The substances that were used in the test are listed in table 4. 

The word antiseptic comes from the Latin prefix anti meaning before or against, and septic comes from the Latin sep-tis, meaning a bacterial infection. An antiseptic, therefore, prevents the processes or substances causing an infection. 

Myeloma proteins occur in animal tumors of various types. The synthesis of these proteins can be induced in some experimental animals by injection of mineral oil, or the implantation of plastic discs.161 Myeloma proteins were shown to possess antibody activity, with specificity for different types of substances.161 Some of these proteins were found to combine with such carbohydrates as bacterial, cell-wall polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, dextrans, levans, and galactans.162 Myeloma proteins that combine with galactans or dextrans possess anti-galactan activity,163,164 or anti-dextran activity,165-167 and have been studied most extensively. 

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