Anthropology

F. R. Matson, Ceramics andMan, Weimer-Greim Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York, 1965. 

Forensic science is an applied science having a focus on practical scientific issues that come up during criminal investigations or at trial. Some components ate unique to the field because it is conducted within the legal arena. Forensic science issues in chemistry and biochemistry in criminal investigations are discussed herein. There are a host of other forensic science areas, eg, forensic medicine, forensic dentistry, forensic anthropology, forensic psychiatry, and forensic engineering, any of which may overlap with forensic chemistry. 

W. L. Rathje, D. C. Wilson, and W. W. Hughes, The Phoenix Reyclables Report Characterisation of Reyclable Materials in Residential Solid Waste report to the City of Phoenix, Arizona, The Garbage Project, Bureau of AppHed Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1989. 

Anthropologic features of humans, their physical activities, ventilation capacities, and the state of their circulation all affect exposure to chemical compounds. Some of the physiological determinants of exposure will be dealt with below. Exercise typically increases cardiac output, facilitates circulation, increases the minute volume of ventilation, is associated with vasodilation of the skin circulation, and increases perspiration and secretory activity of the sweat glands. All of these changes tend to facilitate the absorption of chemicals through multiple routes. 

Menschen-alter, n. generation, -blut, n. human blood, -fett, n. human fat. -freund, m. philanthropist, -geschlecht, n. mankind, humanity, -kdrper, m. human body, -lehre, /. anthropology human teaching, -pocken, /.pi. smallpox. 

Anthropological research with modern hunter-gatherers suggests an ideal type or model for this kind of society. They were nomadic and exhibited low population size and density—on the order of thirty people per thousand square miles. Paramount in maiiitaining this low size and density was an imperative common to all hunter-gatherer women. A nomad woman had to move herself, all that her family owned (which was very little), and her children at a moments notice. Modern hunters and gatherers often have to walk twenty miles a day, so mothers cannot carry more than one small child. Faced with this restriction, women are careful to space their children so that the two or rarely three children they have... 

Caniciro, U. L. (1967). On the Relationship between Size of Population and Complexity of Social Organization. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 23-234-243. 

Funk, R. E. (1983). The Northeastern United States. In Ancient North Americans, Chapter 8, cd. Jesse F). Jennings. San Francisco W. II. Freeman and Company. Kottak, C. P. (1997). Anthropology The Exploration of Human Diversity, 7th ed. New York McGraw-Hill. 

Robbins, R. H. (1997). Cultural Anthropology A Problem-Based Approach, 2nd ed. Itasca, IL F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc. 

Nader, L. (1995). Energy Needs for Sustainable Human Development-Anthropological Aspects. In Energy as an Instrument for Social Change, eds. Jose Goldenberg and T. B. Johansson. New York United Nations... 

Ambrose, S.H. 1993 Isotopic analysis of paleodiets Methodological and interpretive considerations. In Sandford, M.K., ed., Investigations of Ancient Kmaan Tissue Chemical Analyses in Anthropology. Langhorne, PA, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers 59-130. 

Herring, D.A., Saunders, S.R. and Katzenberg, M.A. 1998 Investigating the weaning process in past populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105 425-439. 

Jimenez, S. 1991 Analysis of Patterns of Injury and Disease in an Historic Skeletal Sample from Belleville, Ontario. Master s Thesis, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. 

Katzenberg, M.A., Herring, D.A. and Saunders, S.R. 1996 Weaning and infant mortality Evaluating the skeletal evidence. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 39 177—199. 

Saunders, S.R, DeVito, C. and Katzenherg, M.A. 1997 Dental caries in nineteenth century Upper Canada. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104 71-87. 

Saunders, S.R and Hoppa, R.D. 1993 Growth deficit in survivors and non-survivors biological mortality bias in subadult skeletal samples. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 36 127-152. 

Saunders, S.R. and Sawchuk, E.R. 1995 Biological indicators of labour and occupational stress Gender comparisons in a Nineteenth Century pioneer community. Paper presented at the American Association of Physical Anthropology Meetings, Oakland, California. 

Schwarcz, H.P. and Schoeninger, M.J. 1991 Stable isotope analyses in human nutritional ecology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 34 283-322. 

White, C.D. and Schwarcz, H.P. 1994 Temporal trends in stable isotopes for Nubian mummy tissues. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93 165-187. 

This research was supported by a grant from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research to N.J. van der Merwe, and by Harvard University. We thank Christine White and the editors for their useful comments on an earlier draft of this paper, and Mrs. Aijelia Martinez and her dog, Blackie, for samples of modem Mr. 

Sealy, J.C. and van der Merwe, N.J. 1986 Isotope assessment and seasonal-mobility hypothesis in the southwestern Cape of South Africa. Current Anthropology 27 135-150. 

Wright, L.E. and Schwarcz, HP. 1998 Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106 1-18. 

Walker, PL. and DeNiro, M.J. 1986 Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen as indices of prebistoric dietary dependence on marine and terrestrial resources in Soutbem California. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 71 51-61. 

Bocherens, H., Fizet, M., Mariotti, A., Billion, D., Bellon, G., Borel, J.R and Simone, S. 1991h Biogeochimie isotopique C C, N, 0) et paleoecologie des ours Pleistocenes de la grotte d Aldene. Bulletin du Musee d Anthropologic Prehistorique de Monaco 34 29-49. 

Sillen, A. 1988 Elemental and isotopic analyses of mammalian fauna from southern Africa and their implications for paleodietary research. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 76 49-60. 

Schoeninger, M.J. 1982 Diet and evolution of modern human form in the Middle East. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58 37-52. 

Stable isotope studies in human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 4 83—98. 

Ambrose, S.H. and Norr, L. 1992 On stable isotopic data and prehistoric subsistence in the Soconusco region. Current Anthropology 33 401 04. 

Baker, B.J. 1991 Collagen preservation and composition in ancient Nubian skeletal remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 12 46 7. 

Pfeiffer, S. 1989 Characterization of archaeological bone decomposition in a sample of known length of interment. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78 283. 

Burton, J.H. and Wright, L.E. 1995 Nonlinearity in the relationship between bone Sr/Ca and diet paleodietary implications. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 96 273-282. 

Ezzo, J.A. 1994a Putting the Chemistry hack into archaeological hone ehemistry analysis modeling potential paleodietary Indicators. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13 1-34. 

Ezzo, J.A., Larsen, C.S. and Burton, J.H. 1995 Elemental signatures of human diets from the Georgia Bight. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 98 471-481. 

Sandford, M.K. 1993 Investigations of Ancient Human Tissue Chemical Analyses in Anthropology. 

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