Antedate

Substances at high dilution, e.g. a gas at low pressure or a solute in dilute solution, show simple behaviour. The ideal-gas law and Henry s law for dilute solutions antedate the development of the fonualism of classical themiodynamics. Earlier sections in this article have shown how these experimental laws lead to simple dieniiodynamic equations, but these results are added to therniodynaniics they are not part of the fonualism. Simple molecular theories, even if they are not always recognized as statistical mechanics, e.g. the kinetic theory of gases , make the experimental results seem trivially obvious. 

Thermal Oligomerization. Commercial manufacture of dimer acids began ia 1948 with Emery Industries use of a thermal process involving steam pressure. Patents were issued ia 1949 (45) and 1953 (46) that describe this process. Earlier references to fatty acid oligomerization, antedating the USDA work of 1941—1948, occur ia patents ia 1918 and 1919 (47,48), and ia papers written ia 1929—1941 (49—51). There appears to still be some small use of this approach to making dimer products. 

Small holes are the negative correlative of small objects, and there is in fact an industrial product, considerably antedating Gleiter s initiative, which is based on such holes. 

The use of drugs to treat disease antedates modem science ly 21 good many millenia. Every culture sooner or later developed I i own pharmacopeia. These compendia of natural products and... 

History. Interest in sites containing PAHs that antedate the introduction of modern synthetic chemicals. Gas works and the prodnction of tar residues are common in conntries that used coal as a source of coal gas for lighting and heating. Many of these sites have now been abandoned since the industry has been replaced by the dominance of electricity and oil. 

The sex ratio has been used to monitor developmental toxicity. Declining sex ratios (fewer males) have been recorded over the last 50 years for a number of regions, including Denmark, the Netherlands, Canada and the USA (Allan et al., 1997 Safe, 2000). Several reports have implicated pesticide exposure, but the change in rate of male births in Finland in the last 250 years antedated any increase in exposure to environmental chemicals (Vartianen et al., 1999). The problem is difficult to study, because a very large population is required to determine if any changes observed are random variations or reflections of toxicant exposure. 

It is not possible to state whether the Hindu concepts of the four elements or of the five elements antedated the four elements of Empedocles or the five elements of Phila-laos or Aristotle. This is largely because chronological data rarely enter into Hindu literature and the dates of the early classics are difficult to determine, as also the extent of changes and interpolation by later copyists. 

A recipe for the preparation of Prussian Blue was published 20 years after its discovery.10 " Since materials containing iron, potash and nitrogenous matter such as blood or animal hooves may have been heated together in more remote times, ferrocyanides [hexacyanoferrates(II)] probably antedate Diesbach s discovery. They contain Fe—CN bonds and may thus possibly be considered as the first known examples of coordination compounds containing transition metal—carbon bonds (organometallic compounds). 

Schuitze s Explosives and Powders. Schultze, an artillery captain in the Ger army, in 1867 patented a series of propints based on Nitro-lignin (nitrated woodmeal or sawdust). The smokeless powders antedated by at least 20 years colloidal smokeless powders developed independently by P. Vieille in Fr and M. Dutton-hoffer. Two examples of Schuitze s powders are given by Daniel (Ref, p 707) as follows ... 

It is becoming increasingly evident that arterial hypertension in man is usually a psychosomatic disease. Therefore, to understand pathogenesis one must examine the psyche and the effects of psychic disturbances upon the soma. It is not within the province of this discussion to consider at length such disorders and their relation to hypertension. For purposes of orientation toward a view of the whole picture, however, we must scrutinize briefly the influences which bear on this condition in order to direct our attention to salient features which deserve further investigation. Suffice it to say, therefore, that disorders or deficiencies of personality exist (30) that they antedate the occurrence of hypertension (8) and that the emotional tension arising from their presence profoundly affects vegetative functions, especially those concerned with blood flow and blood pressure (68). 

It has been available for a long time commercially. Indeed, its human use probably antedates that of cocoa, and certainly does in Europe. Its status as a cocoa extender arises simply from temporary economic conditions. 

Fig. 1. Increasing reference to flow cytometry in the medical literature over the past three decades. The development of flow cytometers antedates the use of the term itself.

Persons beside the inventor(s) may make the showing under certain circumstances when the inventor is otherwise unavailable, such as where the inventor is dead, not legally sane (truly a mad inventor), refuses to cooperate, or cannot otherwise be reached. The guidelines for the antedating affidavit are described in 37 CFR 1.131. 

In a similar fashion to 102(a) prior art, 102(e) art can be sworn behind or antedated, except that it is necessary to prove invention before the filing date of the application or even an earlier provisional application. However, 102(e) prior art can also function as 102(a) prior art and, depending on whether it s been published for over a year, it can serve as 102(b) art as well (we will cover 102(b) shortly). You might wonder how many times can you hang somebody with the same piece of prior art and so does it really matter how many different ways the same reference is cited Interestingly enough, it can. Sometimes it is possible to avoid or remove a reference... 

A key element of 102(a) prior art is that it relates to the date of the invention by the applicant. For a 102(a) reference date to effectively block the applicant s work, the 102(a) event must have occurred before the date of the invention by the applicant. Flowever, the provisions of 102(b) provide an important limit to the first-to-invent rule. The section of prior art defined in 102(b) is referred to as the absolute bar because it limits how far one can go in antedating a prior art reference to prove earlier invention in the United States. Specifically, a patent for an invention cannot be obtained in the United States if the invention was patented or described in a printed publication (or in public use or on sale in this country), more than 1 year before the date of application for patent in the United States. Thus, even if the applicant made the invention before the 102(b) event, she will be barred from being granted a patent if she does not file the patent application within 1 year of that 102(b) event. Note that 102(b) does not contain the phrase by others as in 102(a). Thus if an applicant publishes her own invention more than 1 year before filing the application for patent, she will be barred by 102(b) from being eligible to be granted a patent in the United States. Likewise, if a 102(b) event by another occurs, apatent applicant in the United States will not be able to antedate the 102(b) event. 

If the earlier patent application was to the same inventive entity then 102(a) and 102(e) would not apply since those sections apply to the work of another. However, exclusions under 103(c)/102(e) draw their usefulness from the fact that very often in an organization or within a group working together under a research collaboration, different or at least overlapping groups of inventors may work on related aspects of a project such that multiple patent applications may be filed over a period of time where each patent application lists a different inventive entity. In addition, the publication date of the first application is also important since it cannot be antedated in the patent world outside the United States. 

---