Anomalous Muscles

Harvie P, Patel N, Ostlere SJ (2004) Prevalence and epidemiological variation of anomalous muscles at Guyon s canal. J Hand Surg [Br] 29 26-29... 

Zanetti M, Metzdorf A, Kundert AP et al (2003) Achilles tendons clinical relevance of neovascularisation diagnosed with power Doppler US. Radiology 227 556-560 Zarins B, Ciullo JV (1983) Acute muscle and tendon injuries in athletes. Clin Sports Med 2 167-182 Zeiss J, Guilluiam-Hadet L (1996) MR demonstration of anomalous muscles about the volar aspect of the wrist and forearm. Clin Imaging 20 219-221... 

Some anatomic variants of clinical relevance in the intracanal structures can be identified with US. The presence of anomalous muscles coursing within the carpal tunnel has been reported, includ-... 

Zeiss J, Guilluiam-Hadet L (1996) MR demonstration of anomalous muscles about the volar aspect of the wrist and forearm. Clin Imaging 20 219-221... 

Somayaji SN, Vincent R, Bairy KL (1998) An anomalous muscle in the region of the popliteal fossa case report. J Anat 192 307-308... 

The half-period for decrease of muscle cesium-137 concentration in NTS animals after the cessation of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in 1959 appears anomalous (Table I and Figure 2). In addition to being considerably greater (2.3 years) than the other half-periods found, its standard deviation was larger than the value. If one considers only the initial rate of decrease of radiocesium in these muscle samples, one finds a half-period of 0.9 year which is quite consistent with other data. Examination of these data, in comparison with data from liver (Figures 2 and 3), indicates that only muscle decreased its rate of decline in 1960. It should also be noted that the values during 1960 were only about twice the standard error of analysis. Thus, analytical error alone is not an improbable cause of these anomalous values. 

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments using synchrotron radiation (SR) are performed at present mainly in the areas of real time scattering and anomalous dispersion.1 Typical applications are the study of melting or recrystallisation of semicrystalline polymers [4, 5], phase separation of alloys [6], muscle diffraction and stopped flow experiments on dissolved biopolymers [7, 8]. Anomalous dispersion has been exploited in order to determine partial structure factors in alloys [9] or polymers containing heavy atoms [10],... 

Anomalous rectification for K+ has been found in the membranes of skeletal muscle cells " and cardiac muscle cells. It is therefore of interest to see if the Ij -V curves for muscle cell membranes are adequately described by (14) for appropriate values of Cq, C , n, and V. The shapes of the curves are similar, but (14) is not a good quantitative description primarily because the curvature of the experimental relation is too large. This can be shown by rewriting (14) for K+ ions and taking the limit of as approaches + oo ... 

Such an assumption is not easy to evaluate quantitatively since the independence assumption is violated and special assumptions must be made about the nature of the K+ ion interactions in the channels. The possibility that there are interactions between two or more K+ within an anomalous rectification K.+ channel is supported by the experimental evidence that K+ ions do interact in the K+ channels of the squid nerve fiber membrane. i The interaction is the type expected if three or more K+ were in single file in the channel. Thus, it seems possible that the anomalous rectification properties of the K+ channels in muscle membranes have a potential energy profile similar to that in Fig. 3b but that there are usually two or three K+ in any one channel. This implies that ion transit time is two to three times larger than the time between successful collisions of ions with the channel entrances. By contrast, Na+ channels obey the independence principle implying that a Na+ ion traverses a channel before there is another successful collision of an ion with the channel entrance. The longer transit time of K+ ions could be due to deeper minima (tighter binding) in K+ channels as compared with Na+ channels. 

This observed anomalous behavior may well provide the basis for an automatic or inherent control sensor which spontaneously adjusts the energy absorbed by a synthetic muscle system commensurate with that required to do the work, i.e., the heavier the load the more energy absorbed without external stimulus-similar to the mechanical devices with a sensor feedback control system. One can speculate about the similarity of biological muscle system wherein the force applied to accomplish a given work activity is in proportion to that required. Without this inherent control, the force applied to any work task, be it lifting a light object or a heavy one would be the same. 

Defective vascular architecture for example, lack of smooth muscle layer cells, lack of or reduced receptors for angiotenrin II, large gap in endodielial cdl-celt junctions, anomalous conformation of tumor vasculature (branching or stretching etc.)... 

When the analysis, using a microelectrode to pass the current, was extended to striated muscle by Katz (1948), it became clear that muscle was anomalous in that the membrane capacity was substantially larger than in nerve fibres. In frog sartorius muscle fibres appeared to be about 5 yF/cm of fibre surface. In time it became clear that this was due to the extensive membranes of the transverse tubular system in muscle fibres. Several studies using A.C. impedance methods were undertaken to define the equivalent circuit of the morphologically complex membranes in a muscle fibre (Falk Fatt, 1964 Schneider, 1970 Valdiosera, Clausen Eisenberg, 1974). 

Struthers , which joins the anomalous bony process and the medial epicondyle. Clinically, this condition typically affects young sportsmen as a result of intense muscular activity in the elbow and forearm and may start with pain and numbness in the first three fingers and weakness of forearm muscles innervated by the median nerve (Sener et al. 1998). US can demonstrate the relationship of the median nerve with the anomalous bone and ligament. Although not yet reported in the radiological literature, displacement of the nerve by these structures may represent an indicator of entrapment. Therapy includes excision of the ligament of Struthers and ablation of the supracondylar process. The brachial artery can also be compressed by an anomalous insertion of the pronator teres muscle into the supracondylar process (Talha et al. 1987). 

The anconeus epitrochlearis is a small accessory muscle (prevalence ranging from 1% to 34%) that forms the roof of the cubital tunnel, replacing the Osborne retinaculum and joins the posterior aspect of the medial epicondyle with the medial aspect of the olecranon.. This muscle is often bilateral and can cause ulnar neuropathy by occupying space within the cubital tunnel and decreasing its free volume during full elbow flexion. Somewhat equivalent to the anconeus epitrochlearis, an anomalous myotendinous junction of the triceps may also be prominent over the posteromedial side of the cubital tunnel (see Sect. 8.5.4.S). 

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