Anomalous effect

Cured resins behave as semi-impermeable membranes allowing water to diffirse but acting as a barrier to larger molecules so that osmosis can occur. Therefore, if the resin contains water-soluble impurities, thermodynamics will drive the water into the resin. Osmotic pressure (rr) is a colligative property and is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the impurity. As shown in Eqn (12.8)  

Chen and Birley [16,17] demonstrated that the residual stress state can contribute to absorption of water providing a thermodynamic mechanism akin to osmosis. Blisters were shown to occur at the interface between the gel-coat and structural resins, and they were attributed to localised residual stresses. To avoid blister formation on immersion in water or other aqueous environments, the presence of impurities, which can act as osmotic centres, needs to be minimised, and the properties of any gel-coat or surface finish should be matched to those of the structural resins. 

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It was determined, for example, that the surface tension of water relaxes to its equilibrium value with a relaxation time of 0.6 msec [104]. The oscillating jet method has been useful in studying the surface tension of surfactant solutions. Figure 11-21 illustrates the usual observation that at small times the jet appears to have the surface tension of pure water. The slowness in attaining the equilibrium value may partly be due to the times required for surfactant to diffuse to the surface and partly due to chemical rate processes at the interface. See Ref. 105 for similar studies with heptanoic acid and Ref. 106 for some anomalous effects. 

The anomalous effect of the last two rubbers in the table with their low solubility parameters is possibly explained by specific interaction of PVC with carbonyl and carboxyl groups present respectively in the ketone- and fumarate-containing rubbers to give a more than expected measure of compatibility. It is important to note that variation of the monomer ratios in the copolymers and terpolymers by causing changes in the solubility parameter and eompatibility will result in variation in their effect on impact strength. 

The least squares value for the p constant obtained by this procedure is +6.2 it wiU be obviously subject to change as more meta and epi substituents become available. Only the cata-NO group was excluded from the above plot because it causes a strongly enhanced resonance effect in nucleophilic substitution (Section IV,C, l,a) and an anomalous effect of uncertain origin in the dissociation of carboxylic acids. It can be assumed that the reaction constant for 4-chloro-... 

Ackermann and Dussy have recently described some interesting anomalous effects of substituents on reaction rates. In structure 57,... 

If such a model is to be self-consistent, it has to include, and to be able to simulate, all the electrochemical responses treated by the previous models as well as all the so-called anomalous effects. 180-183 Any variable acting on those anomalous effects has to be described by the model without need of further development. 

According to our initial hypothesis, these anomalous effects are the experimental results occurring under kinetic control of conformational relaxation. Here conformational relaxation is exposed over its entire length to the influence of the electrochemical variables, the temperature, the polymer-polymer interactions, the polymer-solvent interactions, etc. These are the monitors that can be used to validate each new step of theoretical development during our attempt to integrate electrochemistry and polymer science. 

Pawela Crew and Madix [144] have investigated desorption of propylene and propane from Ag(llO) with the emphasis put on the anomalous effects of weak chemisorption on desorption kinetics of alkenes. Molecular conformation of styrene on Ag(lOO) related to the catalytic epoxidation of terminal alkenes has been studied by Williams etal. [145]. IR studies of the adsorption structures of 1,3-butadiene at Ag(lll) and Au(lll) surfaces have been published by Osaka et al. [146]. 

What is the origin for this anomalous effects of para substituents The inspection of ZFS parameters clearly indicates that there are no significant changes in /D values as the para substituents are varied (Table 9.14). These observations indicate that the para substituents do not have much effect on the geometries of brominated DPCs. The reactivities of brominated DPCs toward typical triplet quenchers, that is, oxygen and 1,4-cyclohexadiene, are also not significantly affected by the para substituents (Table 9.14). 

By this time, Rutherford had evidence that hydrogen nuclei could come from more complex nuclei (56). In 1919, he reported an anomalous effect when he subjected diy air to a particles H atoms seemed to be produced even when there was no hydrogen in the system Rutherford correctly interpreted the presence of H nuclei as a sign that the a particles caused some sort of transmutation, and that the H nuclei were fragments of that reaction. I infer from Rutherford s use of the term disintegration that he pictured the reaction as an induced fission of nitrogen. In fact, the reaction was + He — + H. Rutherford and his associates... 

Rutherford, E. Collisions of alpha particles with light atoms. IV. An anomalous effect in nitrogen. Philos. Mag. 1919, 37, 581-587 http //web.lemoyne.edu/ giunta/mtherford.html. 

In this section, considerable space will be allotted to an examination of the conductivity effects in order to indicate how surface effects and adsorption may influence conductivity measurements, and to attempt to correlate the many anomalous electrical effects on zinc oxide with similar anomalous effects often observed in adsorption studies. 

Lumley JL (1967) The Toms phenomenon Anomalous effects in turbulent flows of dilute solutions of high molecular weight linear polymers Appl Mech Rev 20 1139... 

Anomalous effects are often observed due to solution entering the capillary at the instant the mercury drop falls. In ac measurements, this phenomenon leads to anomalous frequency dispersion [12], In addition, the drop time becomes irreproducible. These effects may be diminished to a large extent by coating the internal wall of the capillary with a film of silicone [13]. A tip made of hydro-phobic (solvophobic) material may also be attached to the glass capillary. For example, a polyethylene tip was used [14] to discriminate against the attack of fluorides on glass in the study of double-layer structure in the presence of fluorides. In another study, capillary tips were modified with commercial narrow-bore PTFE tubes to determine arsenic in basic solution [15]. This procedure is also used for the hanging mercury drop electrode discussed in Section III. 

Seemingly anomalous effects of substituents are known, but such effects may be due to equilibrium control. One example is the aluminum chloride-catalyzed alkylation of benzene, which leads to the formation of a 1,3,5-trialkylbenzene in preference to the expected 1,2,4-isomer (see Section 22-4E). The preferred reaction occurs particularly readily because alkylation is reversible and because alkylation is one of the least selective of the electrophilic aromatic substitutions (considerable meta isomer is formed even under conditions where kinetic control is dominant). Equilibrium control, which favors the 1,3,5-product rather than the less stable 1,2,4-product, becomes most evident when the reaction time, the reaction temperature, and aluminum chloride concentration are increased. Another source of anomalous substituent effects is discussed in the next section. 

Anomalous effect of initial temp on the combustion rate of NG proplnrs)... 

The determination of sufficient number of inclusions immediately involves questions of scale and also of the method of testing when experiments are being designed, for clearly if ultrasonic methods were used, for example, on a material with phases of a millimetre or so in dimensions then anomalous effects would be observed when frequencies of a... 

The unique structural characteristics of these variant schistosome P subunits appear to be further reflected in their unusual functional properties (Kohn et ai, 2001a). As discussed, conventional P subunits enhance currents through a, subunits. In contrast, co-expression of these variant P subunits in Xenopus oocytes with either a jellyfish (CyCav1) or human (Ca. 3) a, subunit results in a dramatic reduction in current. Other than this anomalous effect... 

Smirnov, I.V. 2007. Anomalous effects in extraction of lanthanides and actinides with bidentate neutral organophosphorous extractants. Role of proton hydrate solvates. Radiochemistry 47(1) 44—54. 

Another important difference is that in hypnosis induction the hypnotist takes credit for these anomalous effects, thus helping to incorporate himself into the subject s own psyche we have given little attention to the role of the hypnotist as "outsider," for he only becomes effective as he becomes able to control the subject s own attention/awareness energy. The meditator in the Buddhist tradition is seeking to free himself from control by external events or persons, and so does not value particular phenomena (back)... 

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