Animal cartilages

The chondroitin sulfate of animal cartilage is largely bound up as a complex with protein which is not derived from collagen (M2). The complex from bovine nasal septa contains 30% protein, 60% chondroitin... 

BC-based scaffolds have excellent tensile strengths and Young s moduli however, they exhibit low compressive properties in the perpendicular direction. This prevents more extensive use of BC because of its lack of compression and shear resistance. Currently, there are numerous studies to improve these properties by the incorporation of fillers or other polymers. Additionally, BC has an asymmetric network structure composed of many lamellar layers that give rise to many small voids. Therefore, a uniform pore stracture is also needed for cellular infiltration without compensating mechanical properties. Scaffolds of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated BC mixed with chitosan have already been prepared by a two-step chemical modification. The scaffolds showed lower compressive moduli than human and animal cartilage specimens because of lower cellulose content. Therefore, a better fabrication method is still needed to overcome this deficiency (Nge et al., 2010). 

Collagen is a rigid, inextensible fibrous protein that is a principal constituent of connective tissue in animals, including tendons, cartilage, bones, teeth, skin, and blood vessels. The high tensile strength of collagen fibers in these struc-... 

Hyaluronic acid consists of an unbranched chain of repeating disaccharide units containing GlcUA and GlcNAc. Hyaluronic acid is present in bacteria and is widely distributed among various animals and tissues, including synovial fluid, the vitreous body of the eye, cartilage, and loose connective tissues. 

ARRY-438162 was found to be efficacious in a number of animal models of inflammation. For example, in a collagen-induced arthritis model in rats, oral administration of ARRY-438162 at lOmg/kg q.d. significantly inhibited paw swelling which was accompanied by inhibition of cartilage damage in the joint and >80% inhibition of pERK in the tissue from the foot with induced arthritis. 

The quinolones have been found to cause erosion of cartilage in the joints of immature animals [56]. This observation, which has been seen in several studies, has resulted in the contraindication of quinolones for the treatment of children. A study analyzing the risk-benefit situation for the use of pefloxacin in children (clinically, several adverse athralgic effects have been attributed to this agent) has appeared [57]. The underlying mechanism responsible for these effects has yet to be established, and the development of an agent which is safe for paediatric use would be a major advance in quinolone therapy. Some of the quinolones, such as enoxacin, have been shown to interfere with theophylline metabolism [58], and side-effects associated with this agent may be related to this property. 

In practical veterinary the SC can be used in substitution therapy in case of different pathologies. The methods of making 3-D cell construction have been already invented and are applied for the substitution of large bone, skin, and cartilage defects. The transplantation of bone marrow stem cells is used in the case of animal oncology diseases. The methods of cell therapy with the usage of SC are approbated in the treatment of autoimmune and endocrine diseases of domestic animals. 

Kimmel CA, Trammell C (1981) A rapid procedure for routine double staining of cartilage and bone in fetal and adult animals. Stain Technol 56 271-273... 

The use of disinfectants such as triclosan and quaternary ammonium compounds and triclosan in homes and hospitals also leads to an enhanced selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Russell, 2000 Kiicken et al., 2000 McMurray et al., 1998). Besides introducing resistance to bacteria, some antibiotics can also impose other effects. For example, a recent study by Vehcer et al. (2004) reported an intriguing association between cumulative exposure to all classes of antibiotics and breast cancer. Floroquinolones have also been imphcated in inducing tensions in the cartilage of immature animals (Hunt et al., 2002) and are generally deemed unsuitable for pediatric use. However, their presence in the environment can inadvertently introduce them to such susceptible individuals. 

In contrast to milk, where samples are primarily derived from cows, meat analysis has to be performed in samples of a widely different animal origin including cattle, lamb, swine, poultry, and fish. Muscle is a complex matrix with a pH of 5.7, composed of muscle fibers, various types of connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, and bones. Sarcoplasmic proteins such as myoglobin, and glycolytic enzymes are soluble in water while the myofibrillar proteins such as myosin and actin are soluble in concentrated salt solutions (14). The connective tissue proteins, collagen and elastin, are insoluble in both solvents. 

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