Copolymerization anhydride

Figure 3. GPC molecular weight data for poly-(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) copolymerized in acetone...

Figure 4. Molecular weight data for poly(styrene-co-ma-leic anhydride) copolymerized in benzene...

XS = sulfonation, M = methylolation, MO = miscellaneous oxidation, G = grafting, P = phenolation, CM = carboxymethylation, MAC = maleic anhydride copolymerization, MCR = miscellaneous carboxyla-tion reactions, E = epichlorohydrin (also in conjunction with pheno-lated lignin), A = alkoxylation (i.e., ethylene, propylene, and butylene oxides), M+EP = modification with compounds containing unsaturated end groups ( divalent hydrocarbons ) followed by epoxidation with peroxide, MA = methacrylic acid. 

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (polysorbates) are a series of partial fatty acid esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides copolymerized with approximately 20, 5, or 4 moles of ethylene oxide for each mole of sorbitol and its anhydrides. 

Mathematical procedures for calculating structural features of cyclocopolymers and of copolymers derived from them are proposed and are used in studies on the 1H-NMR spectra of styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymers derived from styrene-(methacrylic anhydride) copolymers. Reactivity ratios and cycliza-tion constants for styrene-methacrylic anhydride copolymerization were determined from structural features of the derived styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymers. The amount of uncyclized methacrylic anhydride units present in styrene-methacrylic anhydride copolymers having high styrene contents is considerably less than that predicted by these copolymerization parameters. The methoxy proton resonances of the derived copolymers are more intense in the highest field methoxy proton resonance area than would be expected if such resonance were due only to cosyndiotactic SMS triads. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are proposed. 

Several theoretical treatments of cyclocopolymerization have been reported previously (8-11). These relate the compositions of cyclocopolymers to monomer feed concentrations and appropriate rate constant ratios. To our knowledge, procedures for calculating sequence distributions for either cyclocopolymers or for copolymers derived from them have not been developed previously. In this paper we show that procedures for calculating sequence distributions of terpolymers can be used for this purpose. Most previous studies on styrene-methacrylic anhydride copolymerizations (10,12,13) have shown that a high proportion of the methacrylic anhydride units are cyclized in these polymers. Cyclization constants were determined from monomer feed concentrations and the content of uncyclized methacrylic anhydride units in the copolymers. These studies invoked simplifying assumptions that enabled the conventional copolymer equation to be used in determinations of monomer reactivity ratios for this copolymerization system. 

Reactivity Ratios and Cyclization Constants Estimated for Styrene-Methacrylic Anhydride Copolymerization... 

Highly crosslinked polymers are commonly produced from epoxy materials such as diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). DGEBA is easily copolymerized with various substances such as amines or anhydrides. Copolymerization of DGEBA with a monoamine yields linear polymer chains. When DGEBA is copolymerized with a diamine, polymer chains crosslink. 

N-Phenylazlrldlne and phthallc anhydride copolymerize In alternating order to give polyamldoesters upon Initiation with trllsobutylalumlnum or by heating. The low softlng point of this polymer limits Its tisefulness. 

Maleic anhydride copolymerization with cis, trans, trans-, and trans, trans, trans-cyclododtcairiene have also been explored.Copolymerization in dioxane, with AIBN, gave white powders showing softening points >300°C. The copolymer was soluble in polar solvents and exhibited an NMR spectrum supportive of structure 44. 

Maleic anhydride-donor complexomers, neutral monomer copolymerization, 412-418 Maleic anhydride copolymerization with acetylene monomers, 334, 660 with acrolein, 286 with acrylamides, 285, 382, 660 with acrylates and methacrylates, 279-285, 291, 382, 383, 416... 

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