Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors enalapril

Minsker, D., Bagdon, W., MacDonald, J., Robertson, R. and Bokelman, D. (1990). Matemo-toxicity and fetotoxicity of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, in rabbits. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 14 461-479. 

P.K. Shiromani and J.F. Bavitz, Effect of moisture on the physical and chemical stability of granulations and tablets of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril maleate. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 12 (1986) 2467. 

Konstam MA, Kronenberg MW, Rousseau Mp et al, Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dilatation in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction, SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) Investigators, Circulation 1993 88 2277-2283. 

Verza M, Cacciapuoti F, Spiezia R, D Avino M, Arpino G, D Errico S, Sepe J, Varricchio M. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril compared with diuretic therapy in elderly hypertensive patients. J Hyper tens 1988 6(suppl 1) S97-S99. 

A primary value of the method is to provide economical large-scale preparations of small peptides, especially dipeptides. Two of the best examples are the industrial preparations of the dipeptides H-Ala-Pro-OH and H-Lys(Tfa)-Pro-OH as intermediates in the synthesis of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors enalapril and lysinopril.P l... 

An increased risk of severe and early but reversible neutropenia has been found in patients taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (enalapril and captopril) with interferon alfa (404). 

N -Nitro-L-arginine methylester (50 mg/kg x day) raised the blood pressure of Wistar rats by 71 % (Mandarim-de-Lacerda and Meirelles Pereira 2001). With respect to cardiomyocyte nuclear size, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril maleate (15 mg/kgxday) and the calcium channel blocker verapamil hydrochloride (15mg/kgxday) showed beneficial effects when NO synthesis was blocked. 

Folic acid deficiency Hyperthermia Phenylketonuria Rheumatic disease Virilizing tumors Drugs and chemicals Androgenic chemicals Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Captopril, enalapril Antibiotics... 

All angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors including enalapril, may precipitate a hypoglycaemic attack in a diabetic patient because they may potentiate the effect of sulphonylureas. 

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. NSAIDs interact with both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, such as enalapril, and beta-adrenoceptor blockers, such as atenolol, resulting in antagonism to the hypotensive reaction, leading to a hypertensive reaction. NSAIDs interact with... 

Moreover, whether or not hypertension is caused by an elevated level of renin or other reasons, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors lower both systolic and diastolic arterial pressure in hypertensive patients, and their effects are enhanced by diuretics. Angiotensin-converting drugs of this series (captopril, enalapril) are effective antihypertensive drugs used both independently and in combination with other drugs to treat all types of hypertension as well as to treat cardiac insufficiency. 

Today, captopril (Capoten ) ranks among the most frequently used drugs in the treatment of hypertension. Enalapril (Xanef ) has been commercially available since 1985 as a second ACE inhibitor. The discovery of captopril started an avalanche of research into the synthesis of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Some new developments should be mentioned at this point ... 

Oparil S. Eprosartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1999 60 1-4. 

Saruta T, Arakawa K, limura O, Abe K, Matsuoka H, Nakano T, Nakagawa M, Ogihara T, Kajiyama G, Hiwada K, Fujishima M, Nakajima M. Difference in the incidence of congh induced by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors a comparative study using imidapril hydrochloride and enalapril maleate. Hypertens Res 1999 22(3) 197-202. 

The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, quinapril and enalapril, have affinity for the peptide transporters, however it is not known whether they are transported. 

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Six ACE inhihilots-captopril (Capoten), enalapril (VASOTEC), ramipril (altace), lisinopril (prinivil, zestril), quinapril (accupril), and/oi-inopril (monopril)—are currently EDA-approved for the treatment of heart failure. Data from... 

Enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, has a half-life of 3 hours but is effective and nontoxic in most patients when given once a day. Assuming IV administration, this indicates that the ratio of the minimum toxic concentration to the minimum effective concentration for enalapril is at least... 

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor prototype used in HTN, diabetic nephropathy, and CHF. Tox hyperkalemia, fetal renal damage, cough ( sore throat ). Other prils benzepril, enalapril. lisinopril, quinapril. 

A comprehensive review of asymmetric hydrogenation, mainly 2-oxo-carboxylic acids and their esters, over heterogeneous catalysts of Pt-alumina modified with alkaloids was presented in Chapter 5 of this book. Here some practical aspects of these catal5i ic systems will be considered. Thus, ethyl (i )-4-phenyl-2-hydroxybutyrate is an important intermediate for the synthesis of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor Benazepril (Scheme 7.20.) and other carboxyalkyl dipeptides like Enalapril (Scheme 7.21.)... 

Vlasses PH, Larijani GE, Conner DP, Ferguson RK. Enalapril, a nonsulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Clin Pharm 1985 4(1) 27—40. 

A number of important dmgs are derived from amino acids, as is illustrated by the stmctures of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and antihypertensive dmgs lisinopril, enalapril, and captopril (Figure 1.44). (—)-Wikstromol, an... 

I l urc 4. Kmm generation and degradation cascade and points of inhibitions by various inhibitors. AC lil, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Captopril and enalapril inhibit Kininase II (ACE). CPNI, carboxypeptidase N inhibitor. Dotted lines show possible... 

Enalaprilat and SQ27,519 are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors with poor oral absorption. Enalapril and fosinopril are dipeptide and amino acid derivatives of enalaprilat and SQ27,519, respectively [51] (Fig. 10). Both prodrugs are converted via deesterification to the active drug by hepatic biotransformation. In situ rat perfusion of enalapril indicated a nonpassive absorption mechanism via the small peptide carrier-mediated transport system. In contrast to the active parent, enalapril renders enalaprilat more peptide-like, with higher apparent affinity for the peptide carrier. The absorption of fosinopril was predominantly passive. Carrier-mediated transport was not demonstrated, but neither was its existence ruled out. 

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