Angiogenic switch

Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigen-esis. Cell 1996 86 353-364. 

North S, Moenner M, Bikfalvi A. 2005. Recent developments in the regulation of the angiogenic switch by cellular stress factors in tumors. Cancer Lett 218 1-14. 

Czubayko, F., Liaudet-Coopman, E.D., Aigner, A., Tuveson, A.T., Berchem, G.J. and Wellstein, A. (1997b) A secreted FGF-binding protein can serve as the angiogenic switch in human cancer. Nat. Med., 3, 1137-1140. 

Mobius C, Stein H, Becker I, Feith M, Theisen J, Gais P, et al. The angiogenic switch in the progression from Barrett s metaplasia to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003 29 890-894. 

Strieth S, Hartschuh W, Pilz L, Fusenig N. Angiogenic switch occurs late in squamous cell carcinomas of human skin. Br J Cancer 2000 82 591-600. 

Hanahan D and Folkman J (1996) Patterns and emerging mechanism of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86 353-364... 

As the tumor adopts an angiogenic phenotype, the balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors is upset and angiogenesis is triggered. The tumor mass is allowed to overtake the apoptotic rate, and consequently expands. This process is referred to as angiogenic switch [68, 76]. 

Although the mechanisms eliciting the angiogenic switch are not entirely understood to date, it is believed that besides tumor-suppressor mutation and oncogene activation, hypoxia plays a pivotal role [77]. 

FIGURE 8.2 Estrogen-dependent activation of angiogenic switch. 

The angiogenic switch, which leads endothelial cells from a quiescent state to active proliferation, occurs when the subtle balance between angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors is altered. While the exact mechanism of the angiogenic switch is still not fully understood, so far, four components have been proposed or identified to play roles in angiogenic switch in tumorigenesis, based on the studies. (1) Tumor angiogenesis driven by the prevascular tumors. The diffusion... 

VEGF and other drugs that suppress the release of bone marrow-derived progenitor endothelial cells can be effective in blocking the angiogenic switch and tumor growth. 

Berges G, Benjamin L. Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch. Nat Rev Cancer 2002 3 ... 

Bergers G, Brekken R, McMahon G, Vu TH, Itoh T, Tamaki K, Tanzawa K, Thorpe P, Itohara S, Werb Z, Hanahan D. Matrix metalloproteinases-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis. Nature Cell Biol 2000 2 737-744. 

Flanahan D, Christofoii G, Naik P, Arbeit J. Transgenic mouse models of tumor angiogenesis The angiogenic switch, its molecular controls, and prospects for preclinical therapeutic models. Eur J Cancer 1996 32 2386 2393. 

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