And technological change

People develop bad habits and take things for granted processes, equipment, and technology change, so retraining is essential at appropriate intervals. 

In sum, for appliances, energy efficiency technology improvements are not always adopted even after they become well understood and technology changes do not necessarily lead to improved energy efficiency. 

Petit P. (1995). Employment and technological change. In Handbook of the economics of innovation and technological change, ed. Stoneman, P. Oxford Blackwell. 

Specifically, we found that a 10% increase in the stock of pharmaceutical innovation led to a 0.8-1.4% increase in the probability of survival to age 65. These results are consistent with findings in the recent literature that medical research in specific and technological change in medicine in general have a significant contribution to health outcomes (e.g.. Cutler and McClellan 2001a, b Murphy and Topel 2003b Cutler 2004). 

There are some very real organizational dilemmas to be resolved. Unfettered initiation from the middle could be chaotic. On the other hand, the complexity of modern organizations and the speed of response needed to keep abreast of market and technological change means that traditional top down styles of planning can no longer be effective - if they ever were. So leading from below the top may be essential for the future. 

See N.A. Ashford, D. Hattis, G.R. Heaton, A. Jaffe, S. Owen, and W.C. Priest, Environmental/Safety Regulation and Technological Change in the U.S. Chemical Industry, Report to the National Science Foundation by the Center for Policy Alternatives, MIT, March 1979. 

In a liberalized regime, an important consideration is how to finance innovation and technological change in order to secure an efficient diffusion of new technology and in order to increase dynamic efficiency. One solution to the problem, adopted in the Norwegian context, is a requirement that shippers shall pay a fixed percentage of the tariff to help cover for research and development costs. 

The future demand for energy has been severely underestimated The Technical Fix scenario appears to me to underestimate total energy requirements for the year 2000 by 25 percent, or 44 quadrillion BTUs. Our studies indicate that taking into account both conservation and technological changes in the way we use energy will require 168 quadrillion BTUs in 2000, not the 124 the project indicates. 

The sector of flavorings, perfumes, and beauty products has also had its share of restructuring and technological changes over the past ten years. 

Figure 4.12 Reductive dechlorination of PCB 132 enantiomers and products in laboratory microcosms of Lake Hartwell sediments over time concentrations (A-C), enantiomer fractions for PCBs 132 (D) and 91 (E). Autoclaved control with racemic PCB 132 added (open circles, crosshatched bars), live treatments with racemic 132 added (filled circles, filled bars). Racemic value of EF —0.5 denoted by dashed line. (Reproduced with permission from Environmental Science and Technology, Changes in Enantiomeric Fractions during Microbial Reductive Dechlorination of PCB 32, PCB 149, and Arocior 1254 In Lake Hartwell Sediment Microcosms, by Usarat Pakdeesusuk, W. jack Jones et al., 37(6), 1100-1107. Copyright (2003) American Chemical Society)...

BAU 88 is the reference scenario. In comparison to the BLN scenario it shows the total reduction of CO2 emission achieved because of structural and technological changes in the Polish economy after 1989. 

The main themes for development of a sound IT architecture include (1) usability for intuitive and personalized interfaces as natural as possible to human behavior, (2) accessibility through various communication channels and devices, (3) performance for peak volumes, (4) scalability to future growth, (5) availability for access at any time and at any place as per the business needs, (6) reliability, (7) manageability for business continuity with minimal human intervention, (8) flexibility and adaptability to future business and technology changes, (9) adherence to security policies, (10) compliance to the statutory requirements for protection of privacy, and (11) viability for development and deployment in a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost with minimal risks, among others. 

Unfortunately, it would appear that this idea of designing a more adequate collective means of assessing and responding to scientific and technological change was lost amongst so much else in the chaos of the 2001-2002 Review Conference. 

M. R. Dando, Scientific and technological change and the future of the CWC The problem of non-lethal weapons, Disarmament Forum, 4, 2002, 33-44. 

Dando M (2002) Scientific and Technological Change and the Future of the CWC the Problem of Non-Lethal Weapons Disarmament Forum. 4 33-44. http //www.unidir.org/pdty articles/pdf-aitl824.pdf... 

L.F. Haber, The Chemical Industry, 1900-1930 International Growth and Technological Change (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 408. 

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