And free radical formation

DOX, as EPI seems to form fewer amounts of ROS and secondary alcohol metabolite, (ii) encapsulation of anthracyclines in uncoated or pegylated liposomes that ensure a good drug delivery to the tumor but not to the heart, (iii) conjugation of anthracyclines with chemical moieties that are selectively recognized by the tumor cells, (iv) coadministration of dexrazoxane, an iron chelator that diminishes the disturbances of iron metabolism and free radical formation in the heart, and (v) administration of anthracyclines by slow infusion rather than 5-10 min bolus (Table 1). Pharmacological interventions with antioxidants have also been considered, but the available clinical studies do not attest to an efficacy of this strategy. 

The observation (Porter ef a ., 1972) that added BrCCla almost completely suppresses the polarization of the olefin, while leaving the polarization of trans-4 unalfected, points to the secondary radical pair as the principal immediate precursor of a-methylstyrene. A rate constant for the decomposition of thediazenyl radical of 10 -10 sec has been estimated. Cage collapse and free-radical formation are also thought to occur and appropriately polarized products have been identified (see above). 

Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Free Radical Formation... 

Peroxidation and free-radical formation should be considered as important aspects of pharmaceutical stability and quality of parenteral nutriton and intravenous drugs. Peroxidation and free-radical formation depend on environmental factors, such as storage conditions and container material, but are also influenced by formulation components or additives such as tocopherols and metabisulfite. Since the generation of these harmful species occurs generally at the time of use, manufacturing quality controls fail in demonstrating their existence. 

A New Mechanism of the Maillard Reaction Involving Sugar Fragmentation and Free Radical Formation... 

Thus we propose the existence of a new pathway to browning in the Maillard reaction, involving sugar fragmentation and free radical formation prior to the Amadori rearrangement. 

Bilsel, Y., Bugra, D., Yamaner, S., Bulut, T., Cevikbas, U., and Turkoglu, U., Could honey have a place in colitis therapy Effects of honey, prednisolone, and disulfiram on inflammation, nitric oxide, and free radical formation, Dig. Surg., 19, 306-312, 2002. 

M. Namiki and T. Hayashi, A new mechanism of the Maillard reaction involving sugar fragmentation and free radical formation, in B, 1983, 21-46. 

Figure 20.6. Redox cycling of adriamycin and free radical formation.

The common mechanism of catalysis by transition metal salts was formulated at the beginning of the thirties by Haber and Willstater [7], They proposed a scheme involving a metal ion interaction with a molecule (A-B) involving a change of ion oxidation state and free radical formation ... 

Dusre, L. et al., DNA interstrand crosslink and free radical formation in a human multidrug resistant cell line from mitomycin C and its analogues. Cancer Res., 50, 648, 1990. 

Anderson DK, HaU ED (1994) lipid hydrolysis and free radical formation in central nervous system trauma. In Salzman SK, Faden AI (eds) The neuiobiology of central nervous system trauma. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 131-138 Ao Q, Wang AJ, Chen GO, Wang ST, Zuo HC, Zhang XF (2007) Combined transplantation of neural stem ceUs and olfactory ensheathing ceUs for the repair of spinal cord injuries. Med Hypotheses 69 1234-1237... 

Ueda, Y., Yokoyama, H., Nakajima, A., Tokumaru, J., Doi, T, and Mitsuyama, Y. 2002. Glutamate excess and free radical formation during and following kainic acid-induced status epQepticus. Exp Brain Res 147(2) 219-226... 

Essential Oil Effect on Different Enzyme Functions and Free Radical Formation.337... 

ESSENTIAL OIL EFFECT ON DIFFERENT ENZYME FUNCTIONS AND FREE RADICAL FORMATION... 

However, hundreds of studies and publications reported biological and clinical effects at low-intensity and low-frequency electromagnetic fields, as well as at static magnetic fields. At these interactions it is very unlikely, or even impossible, to expect thermal effects, and the threshold level approach is not reasonable. Several other mechanisms of interactions as ion-pair and free radical formation, heat shock proteins, and cal-cium-calmoduUn interactions have been proposed. One of the most reasonable hypotheses is window hypothesis to be discussed next. 

Minerals milled as fine or ultra-fine particles can be used as UV protectants since some of them are not adversely affected by ionization and free radical formation caused by UV-A and UV-B. Fine crystals of CaFa form an irreversible coating of the occlusion body (OB) by heterocoaguiation, whereas atapulgite showed a lower coating degree. Both minerals provided UV-protection when used as baculovirus coatings (69) (Table 2). 

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