And copper in humans

The Effect of Browned and Unbrowned Corn Products on Absorption of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in Humans... 

Hermann J Oklahoma State University Interaction of chromium and copper in humans USDA... 

Chittleborough, G. and Steel, B.J. (1980). The determination of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in human hair by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode. Anal. ChIm. Acta 119, 235. 

Gardiner, P.E., Ottaway, J.M., Fell, G.S. and Burns, R.R. (1981). The application of gel filtration and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry to the speciation of protein bound zinc and copper in human biood serum. Anal. Chim. Acta, 124, 281. 

Inagaki, K., Mikuriya, N., Morita, S., Haraguchi, H., Nakahara.Y, Hattori, M., Kinosita.T., and Saito, H. (2000). Speciation of protein-binding zinc and copper in human blood serum by chelating resin pre-treatment and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst (London) 125,197—204. 

Evenson, M. A. and Anderson, C. T., Jr. Ultramlcro Analysis for Copper, Cadmium and Zinc In Human Liver Tissue by Use of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and the Heated Graphite Tube Atomizer". Clin. Chem. (1975), 2, 537-543. 

Copper salts such as CuS04 are potent catalysts of the oxidative modification of LDL in vitro (Esterbauer et al., 1990), although more than 95% of the copper in human serum is bound to caeruloplasmin. Cp is an acute-phase protein and a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, but is susceptible to both proteolytic and oxidative attack with the consequent release of catalytic copper ions capable of inducing lipid peroxidation (Winyard and... 

Copper is an essential micronutrient required in the growth of both plants and animals. In humans, it helps in the production of blood haemoglobin. In plants, copper is an important component of proteins found in the enzymes that regulate the rate of many biochemical reactions in plants. Plants would not grow without the presence of these specific enzymes. Research projects show that copper promotes seed production and formation, plays an essential role in chlorophyll formation and is essential for proper enzyme activity, disease resistance and regulation of water in plants (Rehm and Schmitt, 2002). 

Copper is bound by albumin or histidine after uptake in the gut, and transported in this form to the liver, where it is transferred to ceruloplasmin. Some 95% of copper in human serum is... 

Olehy DA, Schmitt RA, Bethard WF. 1966. Neutron activation analysis of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, sodium, and potassium in human erythrocytes and plasma. J Nucl Med 6 917-927. 

Of course, we could use the tests described previously to see whether there are extreme values in the data, but then we cannot be certain that those extreme values are outliers or that the data simply does not follow a normal distribution. To answer this question, we have to look at the origin of the data to try to understand which tests to apply and for what reason. For example, we would expect replicates of an analysis to follow a normal distribution, as the errors that are expected would be random errors. However, in the case of copper in human hair samples, the hair comes from different people, thus different environments, colors, hair products, etc., so the distribution of the data is not so easy to estimate. 

The metal composition of native MTs depends on the natural source and/or on the previous exposure of the organism to metals. The inducible MT-1 and MT-2 isoforms isolated from adult and fetal human livers contain mainly zinc, while those isolated from adult human kidney contain mainly cadmium with some copper or zinc. It may be noted that in higher organisms MTs are the sole proteins in which cadmium accumulates naturally. Both mammalian tissue specific forms MT-3 and MT-4 contain zinc and copper. In contrast to MTs from mammalian sources, in which zinc, cadmium, and copper can be simultaneously bound, yeast (53 aa) and fungal (25 aa) MTs contain exclusively copper. Specific binding of cadmium or copper to different tissue specific MT forms in vivo has been encoimtered in the snail Helix pomatia. ... 

Zinc is known to compete with cadmium, lead, copper, iron, and calcium for similar binding sites (109). In the future, a potential use of zinc may be to alleviate toxic effects of cadmium and lead in human subjects. Use of zinc as an antisickling agent is an example of its antagonistic effect on calcium, which is known to produce irreversible sickle cells by its action on red-cell membrane. 

Cardiovascular Disease. Animal studies show that severe copper deficiency causes cardiac damage, but the abnormality differs from that seen in human cardiovascular disease. The myocardium is hypertrophied and may rupture in animal models. Coronary artery pressure is decreased, but in human ischemic disease it is increased. The role of copper in human cardiovascular disease is controversial, although much supporting evidence for a positive link with low dietary copper intake has been published. ... 

With the exact role of lactoferrin uncertain and the mechanism of iron absorption also unknown, the concentration of iron and other trace elements in human milk is a controversal item. The data involving iron levels in breast milk date from the early fifties to the present time. During the stage of lactation, colostrum, early and mature milk samples are known to decrease in iron concentration with time, see Table II (17,18). The comparison of mature breast milk, 7 days or older, finds a range in iron concentration from 0.21 to 1.28 mg/liter. Weekly, daily and diurinal variation within a given day were demonstrated for iron, copper and zinc in human milk samples (20). Great variations were found within a given day on total yield, fat, and mineral levels (17,20). 

Molokhia, M. W., and Portnoy, B., Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in skin V copper and zinc in psoriasis. Brit. J. Dermatol. 83, 376-381 (1970). Montagna, W., Chase, H. B., and Hamilton, J. B., The distribution of glycogen and lipids in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 17, 147 (1951). 

R. Uauy, M. Olivares, and M. Gonzalez Essentiality of copper in humans. Clinical Nutrition 67, 952S (1998). 

El. Earl, C. J., Anatomical distribution of copper in human brain. In Wilson s Disease, Some Current Concepts (J. M. Walshe and J. N. Cumings, eds.), pp. 18-23. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1961. 

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