Anchoring bias

The Adjustment/Anchor bias describes cases in which one uses a number or a value as a starting point, known as an anchor, and adjusts said information until an acceptable value is reached. Generating a starting point, known as the anchoring effect, occurs when people consider a particular value for an unknown quantity before estimating that quantity. It is essentially a clutching at straws algorithm. 

Decision making under the Adjustment/Anchor bias leads to flaws because of three concerns ... 

Thus, the direction of the anchoring bias can sometimes be inferred from the structure of the event. The chain-like structure of conjunctions leads to overestimation, and the funnel-like structure of disjunctions leads to underestimation. 

For the rectifiers listed in Table 1, the current was found to decay with successive measurements of the same junction for 36a, 38, 39, 40, 42, and 44 between Au electrodes (where the monolayers were not sufficiently rigid, there probably was room in the Au I monolayer I Au sandwich for molecular reorientation under applied bias) (see Fig. 18d, g, and i for examples). In contrast, the current did not decay at all in subsequent cycles for 36b (Fig. 18b) or 36c, where the molecules were chemisorbed onto the Au electrode with an S anchor, or for 41 (Fig. 18f), 43, or 45 (where the monolayer was sufficiently rigid and closely packed to resist reorientation). 

As well as fluorescence-based assays, artificial membranes on the surface of biosensors offered new tools for the study of lipopeptides. In a commercial BIA-core system [231] a hydrophobic SPR sensor with an alkane thiol surface was incubated with vesicles of defined size distribution generating a hybrid membrane by fusion of the lipid vesicles with the alkane thiol layer [232]. If the vesicles contain biotinylated lipopeptides their membrane anchoring can be analyzed by incubation with streptavidine. Accordingly, experiments with lipopeptides representing the C-terminal sequence of N-Ras show clear differences between single and double hydrophobic modified peptides in their ability to persist in the lipid layer [233]. 

Chen et al. reported on a general approach by which the polarization of the emission from semiconductor nanorods can be manipulated by an external bias. In their device, the composite of a nematic liquid crystal mixture (E7, Merck) and nanorods (CdS) filled into an ITO-coated cell with an optimized concentration of one CdS nanorod per 1010 LC molecules was used to achieve the highest polarization ratio of the suspended nanorods [447, 448]. The nematic liquid crystal in this system acts as a solvent and media whose direction of alignment can be tuned by an applied electric field. Hence, the orientation of the CdS nanorods can be fine-tuned by an external bias because of the anchoring force between the liquid crystal... 

The most prominent anchors for traceless linkage of arenes are based on silyl linkers. Generation of a diverse benzodiazepine library [40] has clearly shown the advantages of this type of detachment because no additional functionality, which might bias the library, was preserved in the final molecules (Scheme 6.1.33). 

Comparison of mean WTP estimates compliance bias and anchoring effects... 

Another heuristic used in diagnosis is anchoring, whereby initial evidence provides a cognitive anchor for the diagnostician s belief in this hypothesis over the others (Tversky and Kahneman 1974). Consequently, people may tend to seek information that confirms the initial hypothesis and avoid any disconfirming evidence (Einhom and Hogarth 1981 DeKeyser and Woods 1990). This bias is also known as cognitive tuimel vision (Sheridan 1981). 

The adjective antonym pairs in this study were boring fun looks easy difficnlt to use looks robust fragile would look nice or terrible in my home modem traditional attractive ugly looks cheap expensive high low quahty decorative not decorative looks rehable umeliable. In the electronic version of the qnestionnaire the hst of words/terms was randomly ordered for each product to avoid bias during completion. Each respondent was asked to rate each pah of antonyms for each product on a 10-point semantic differential scale, with the opposites anchored at each end. The respondents were also asked if they would buy the dimmer switch if it was to be used on a standard (floor) lamp. Demographic... 

The goal of the elicitation activity is to elicit numbers from the expert, handling heuristics in a way reducing bias. If only one expert is used, group heuristics are reduced, such as anchoring, follow the leader, etc. unless the analyst make some pitfalls. 

Anchoring and adjustment bias Work by Tversky Kahneman (1974) demonstrated... 

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