Analysis of errors

Guedens, W. J. Yperman, J. Mullens, J. et al. Statistical Analysis of Errors A Practical Approach for an Undergraduate Ghemistry Lab, Part 1. The Goncept, /. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 776-779 Part 2. Some Worked Examples, /. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 838-841. 

The cognitive approach has had a major influence in recent years on how human error is treated in systems such as chemical process plants and nuclear power generation. In the next section we shall describe some of the key concepts that have emerged from this work, and how they apply to the analysis of error in the CPI. Discussion of the cognitive view of human performance are contained in Reason (1990), Hollnagel (1993), Kantowitz and Fujita (1990), Hollnagel and Woods (1983), and Woods and Roth (1990). 

The technique provides a very exhaustive analysis of errors in both normal and disturbed conditions. 

Danielson, M. J., Analysis of Errors in Using The Two Electrode and Three Electrode Polarisation Resistance Methods In Measuring Corrosion Rates , Corrosion, 36, No. 4, 174-178, April (1980)... 

Grimm JW, Lynch JA. 1991. Statistical analysis of errors in estimating wet deposition using five surface estimation algorithms. Atmos Environ 25(2) 317-327. 

N Fawcett, R Caton. Analysis of errors in the capillary method for determining diffusion coefficients. Anal Chem 48 228, 1976. 

The process of field validation and testing of models was presented at the Pellston conference as a systematic analysis of errors (6. In any model calibration, verification or validation effort, the model user is continually faced with the need to analyze and explain differences (i.e., errors, in this discussion) between observed data and model predictions. This requires assessments of the accuracy and validity of observed model input data, parameter values, system representation, and observed output data. Figure 2 schematically compares the model and the natural system with regard to inputs, outputs, and sources of error. Clearly there are possible errors associated with each of the categories noted above, i.e., input, parameters, system representation, output. Differences in each of these categories can have dramatic impacts on the conclusions of the model validation process. 

The next three chapters deal with the most widely used classes of methods free energy perturbation (FEP) [3], methods based on probability distributions and histograms, and thermodynamic integration (TI) [1, 2], These chapters represent a mix of traditional material that has already been well covered, as well as the description of new techniques that have been developed only recendy. The common thread followed here is that different methods share the same underlying principles. Chapter 5 is dedicated to a relatively new class of methods, based on calculating free energies from nonequilibrium dynamics. In Chap. 6, we discuss an important topic that has not received, so far, sufficient attention - the analysis of errors in free energy calculations, especially those based on perturbative and nonequilibrium approaches. 

The uncertainty in the measurement of elution time / or elution volume of an unretained tracer is another potential source of error in the evaluation of thermodynamic quantities for the chromatographic process. It can be shown that a small relative error in the determination of r , will give rise to a commensurate relative error in both the retention factor and the related Gibbs free energy. Thus, a 5% error in leads to errors of nearly 5% in both k and AG. An analysis of error propagation showed that if the... 

Discussions of different PAGE systems and possible errors are given by Johnson. (Johnson G (1983) Gel Sieving electrophoresis a description of procedures and analysis of errors. In Glick D (ed.) Methods in biochemical analysis, vol 29. WUey, New York, p 25). 

Analysis of errors [234] indicated that the optimal conditions for standard addition experiments correspond to values of Ga/Gr and m/m, of unity. The main limitation of the method is, obviously, the relatively large amounts of sample required (about 1-2 mg) for weighting in conventional analytical balances. This is a... 

Davis, J.M., Giddings, J.C. (1985) Statistical method for estimation of number of components from single complex chromatograms theory, computer-based testing, and analysis of errors. Anaf Chem. 57 2168-2177. 

Mathematical analysis of error curves leads to the conclusion that the arithmetic mean x of individual values is the best estimation of the real mean //, (Fig. 21.2). The features and the symmetry of this curve show that ... 

It has not yet been proven whether equation (187) or (180) provides the better description of the experimental results. Problems concerning the analysis of errors in Ea and A are virtually the same as those appearing in the case of the Eyring equation. 

Claeys, M., Markey, S. P., and Maenhout, W. (1977). Variance analysis of error in selected ion monitoring assays using various internal standards. A practical study case. Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 4, 122-128. 

In an analysis of errors, Barkhuijsen and colleagues109 showed that the Cramer-Rao bounds can be used as estimates of the random errors in the parameter estimates. 

Statistical Method for Estimation of Number of Components from Single Complex Chromatograms Theory, Computer-Based Testing, and Analysis of Errors, J. M. Davis and J. C. Giddings, Anal. Chem., 57, 2168 (1985). 

Electrophoresis, Gel Sieving A Description of Procedures and Analysis of Errors... 

Comprehensive collection/analysis of error information through the organization s global information-sharing network. 

Analysis of errors in the measurement of cross-correlated relaxation rates... 

Love A., Mammino L. (1997). Using the Analysis of Errors to Improve Students Expression in the Sciences, Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 1-17. 

A model procedure recommended for the determination of the precision (and of the sensitivity and detection limit) of spectrophotometric methods, based on experimental data and lUPAC recommendations has been developed [30], and the analysis of errors occurring in determinations of mixture components by means of modem computerized techniques, has been published [31,32]. 

An analysis of error propagation demonstrates that either activation energies must be measured extremely precisely or the temperature extrapolation to service conditions must be over an extremely modest range if life-time prediction from accelerated weight-loss experiments is to be meaningful. 

---