Analysis, computers converters

Instruments are commercially available that automatically carry out the analysis presented above. Although much of the tedium of the experiment is thereby relieved, automation does not alter the basic assumptions and/or approximations of the method. In one commercial instrument, a collimated beam of light or low-energy x-rays scans the settling compartment, measuring the absorbance of the suspended particles at various depths. Because the detector does not have to wait for settling particles to arrive at a fixed position, this method is more rapid than direct observation of sedimentation. A built-in computer converts the absorbance at a particular distance below the top of the sample to concentration after some time has elapsed from the start of settling. The distance-time combination is reduced to a velocity,... 

X-ray crystallography has provided the crystal type and lattice dimensions for numerous solids. In this technique, high-energy x-rays strike the crystal and are diffracted in a pattern characteristic of the particular lattice type. Complex mathematical analysis can convert the diffraction pattern to the actual crystal structure. Advances in computer technology have revolutionized this field in the past few years. Complex structures, formerly requiring months or years to determine, can now be analyzed in short order. Even huge protein and nucleic acid chains can be woiked out by the crystallographer. ... 

The spectrometer was installed and connected to a personal computer following the manufacturer s instructions. It was calibrated before each new recording. The subject was seated in a proper position at a comfortable chair. The fibre optic probe was placed gently on the forehead and the area was exposed for spectrometer light for 10 seconds. The color analysis values were copied and pasted into Excel document (Microsoft office) for further statistical analysis or converted into color image by using of Adobe Photoshop software (Fig. 1). 

Gaussian computes isotropic hyperfine coupling constants as part of the population analysis, given in the section labeled "Fermi contact analysis the values are in atomic-units. It is necessary to convert these values to other units in order to compare with experiment we will be converting from atomic units to MHz, using the following expressions ri6ltYg ... 

The activation energy differences of My as well as of and M, and k /kp and kt/kp. were calculated from Arrhenius and Mayo plots, respectively, by linear regression analysis using a computer. Hie AEjjw values given in kcal/mole can be converted to kJ/mole by multiplying with 4.18. 

We are asked to compare an elemental analysis with a chemical formula. To do so, we can either convert mass percentages to mole amounts or convert the formula to mass percentages. It is easier to compute mass percentages and compare them with the measured values. 

Alternatively, fundamental parameter methods (FPM) may be used to simulate analytical calibrations for homogeneous materials. From a theoretical point of view, there is a wide choice of equivalent fundamental algorithms for converting intensities to concentrations in quantitative XRF analysis. The fundamental parameters approach was originally proposed by Criss and Birks [239]. A number of assumptions underlie the application of theoretical methods, namely that the specimens be thick, flat and homogeneous, and that, for calibration purposes, the concentrations of all the elements in the reference material be known (having been determined by alternative methods). The classical formalism proposed by Criss and Birks [239] is equivalent to the fundamental influence coefficient formalisms (see ref. [232]). In contrast to empirical influence coefficient methods, in which the experimental intensities from reference materials are used to compute the values of the coefficients, the fundamental influence coefficient approach calculates... 

Elllpsometry. The automated ellipsometer is essentially equivalent to that described by Hauge and Dill ( 9). Data acquisition and analysis was made through the use of a Digital Equipment Corporation MINC 11/23 computing system. The detailed description of the system was reported previously ( 8). The measured ellipsometric angles and 4 are converted into the... 

The amino acid composition of storage proteins differs from that of the complete sprout [12, 13]. At least in the case of oilseed rape, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Camelina sativa, amino acids in the sprout are used mainly, either directly or indirectly, for the synthesis of the Rubisco proteins. Computer analysis shows that the amino acid composition of cruciferin and napin is completely different to the amino acid composition of Rubisco. This indicates that amino acids released from the seed storage proteins must be converted into other amino acids prior to Rubisco synthesis. 

If a TI-83 graphing calculator is being used, or another type of graphing calculator and a computer is available, refer to Appendix A for instructions on how to convert this data into graphical analysis. 

Data Analysis. For the determination of PSDs, the calibration data was converted to R vs log 0 by a BASIC computer program... 

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