Analogues of Pantothenic Acid

DL-Panthenol occurs as a white to creamy white, crystalline powder. It is a racemic mixture of the dextrorotatory (active) and levorotatory (inactive) isomers of panthenol, the alcohol analogue of pantothenic acid. It is freely soluble in water, in alcohol, and in propylene glycol. It is soluble in chloroform and in ether, and is slightly soluble in glycerin. Its solutions are neutral or alkaline to litmus. 

Panthenol, USP. Panthenol, the racemic alcohol analogue of pantothenic acid, exhibits both qualitatively and quantitatively the vitamin activity of pantothenic acid. It is considerably more stable than pantothenic acid in solutions with pH values of 3 to 5 but of about equal. stability at pH 6 to 8. It appears to be absorbed more readily from the gut. paniculorly in the presence of food-... 

Brackett, S., Waletzky, E., and Baker, M. (1946). The relation between pantothenic add and Plasmodium gallinaceum infections in the chicken and the antimalarial activity of analogues of pantothenic acid.. Parasitol. 32, 453-462. 

Morris, H.C., Finglas, P.M., Faulks, R.M., and Morgan, M.R.A., 1988. The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the analysis of pantothenic acid and analogues. Part I production of antibodies and establishment of ELISA system. Journal of Micronutrient Analysis. 4 33 5. 

Pantothenic acid (formerly also known as vitamin Bj, 5-68) occurs in nature only as the (-l-)-D-form, that is the (ft)-enantiomer. (ft)-Pantothenic acid is composed of (-l-)-D-pantoic acid, also known as (ft)-pantoic acid, the systematic name of which is (ft)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid. Pantoic acid is linked by an amide bond to the 3-aminopropionic acid (P-alanine). The (S)-enantiomer of pantothenic acid, which is the (-)-L-isomer, is not biologically active and is an antimetabohte of (ft)-pantothenic acid, as are some other structural analogues. The main biologically... 

Antagonists of riboflavin include isoriboflavin, lumiflavin, aiaboflavin, hydroxyethyl analogue, formyl methyl analogue, galactoflavin, and flavin-monosulfate. Synergists include vitamins A. B, B(l, and B12, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine), insulin, and somatotrophin (growth hormone). 

As a pantothenic acid analogue, hopantenate can affect lactate generation, glucose metabolism, and ammonia disposal, and there have been two fatal cases in elderly people who developed disturbances of consciousness with lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperammonemia (903). 

Pantoyltaurine is one of many pantothenic acid antagonists which block competitively the utilization of the vitamin by microorganisms. Shive has discussed many antagonistic analogues in a thorough manner . One of the most widely used antagonists is w-methylpantothenic acid which has been used to induce pantothenic acid deficiencies in animals and human beings . 

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