Analog correction factor

The analogous correcting factor for the liquid phase is the activity coefficient, Yj. 

It is thus seen that by taking account of the existence of the laminar sub-layer, correction factors are introduced into the simple Reynolds analogy. 

In principle, valence band XPS spectra reveal all the electronic states involved in bonding, and are one of the few ways of extracting an experimental band structure. In practice, however, their analysis has been limited to a qualitative comparison with the calculated density of states. When appropriate correction factors are applied, it is possible to fit these valence band spectra to component peaks that represent the atomic orbital contributions, in analogy to the projected density of states. This type of fitting procedure requires an appreciation of the restraints that must be applied to limit the number of component peaks, their breadth and splitting, and their line-shapes. 

Test laboratories should maintain traceability of their test results in order to claim competence. Traceability of the results can only be demonstrated if all quantities entered into the calculation of the end result are traceable or verified. For measurement results traceability is achieved, as required by the ISO 17025 Standard [1], by calibration of the measuring equipment. If results of model calculations are entered into the calculation of the end result they must be verified as well. Here, verification replaces traceability because results of model calculation are, according to the definition of traceability [2], not traceable. Analogously to the definition of traceability, verification is the process of relating the results of a calculation with a stated reference. Correction factors and their uncertainties, which are extracted by comparing the results of model calculations with the stated reference, take into account the difference between the results and the reference, and establish the evidence for the accuracy of the calculations. 

That means that a certain activity ratio of Sr and Ca in aqueous solution is associated with a certain activity ratio in the minerals. If, analogously to the nonideal behavior of the activity coefficient of the aquatic species, a specific correction factor foaiclte and fstrontianite for the activity is introduced, the following equation arises ... 

The heat transfer coefficients estimated from correlations or analogies are the low flux coefficients and, therefore, need to be corrected for the effects of finite transfer rates before use in design calculations. We recommend the film theory correction factor given by Eq. 11.4.12. 

Since we have to transmit a large amount of spectral data exactly and quickly in rocket, balloon, and satellite experiments, a digital data transmission method is indispensable. For example, in the spectra shown in Figure 14, which were transmitted by an FM analog telemetry, there is noise which is associated with element-to-element sensitivity radiations. If the sensitivity of each element is measured before the experiment, correction factors, for these variations, can be made and therefore correct the raw spectral data transmitted by the PCM telemetry. However, exact correction for spectra transmitted by the analog telemetry (see Figure 14) is impossible, since these rapid variations are filtered to some extent, i.e., high frequency components are lost. 

The mass action law formalism, through its equilibrium constants, takes into account the interactions of the solvent with the various acids, bases, and salts these certainly are the dominant effects, comparable to Kepler s law in the above analogy. However, the formalism of the mass action law does not explicitly consider the mutual interaction of the solute particles, nor the effect of these solutes on the concentration of the solvent. Activity coefficients /have therefore been introduced in order to incorporate such secondary effects they are individual correction factors that multiply... 

For spherical electrodes, a procedure analogous to that employed at planar electrodes has been proposed. Table 6.3.1 contains values of the spherical correction factor, < (Z 0 employed in the equation... 

If, besides the lengthened path of the migrating particles, their interaction with the sorbent (adsorption) has also to be considered, then this influence must also be included in the correction factor [2,11] by means of the factor, which is defined in analogy to the Rf factor in chromatography. 

The third correction factor, which is the ratio of the adsorbed dose buildup factors in the sample and the dosimeter, is usually ignored, but is shown in this paper to be very important. The absorbed dose buildup factor is defined in this paper analogous to the dose buildup factor, a notation used when the unit roentgen was still the unit of radiation dose. This paper shows the magnitude of this third correction factor, which is caused by differences in gamma-ray attenuation coefficients and softening of the gamma-ray spectrum. As an illustrative example, the dose in different dosimeters is calculated as a function of the distance from a point isotropic cobalt-60 source in water. 

The use of linear correction factors is compatible with the basic assumptions of the One Hit model and depending upon the biological steps involved the Ikiltistage and Wiebull models as well. By analogy the risk is dependent upon a total cumulative lifetime dose and this accusiulation constitutes an "averaging" of exposure. A recent publication by Crump (22) addresses this issue in a more mathematically eloquent fashion. 

When the heating phase was analyzed, it was seen that if the part that absorbs the laser beam has a high absorption constant, this process phase can be readily described by a physico-mathematical model, by analogy to single-sided heat impulse welding. A comparison of calculated and measured melt layer thicknesses showed that, by introducing a correction factor, it is possible for this model to be successfully used for the case of a low absorption constant as well. 

---