Analgesics and Antiinflammatory Drugs

Other examples of analgesics or their metabolites that have been found in the environment include 4-aminoantiyrine, aminophenazone, codeine, fenoprofen, hydrocodone, indometacine, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, propyphenazone diclofenac, ibuprofen, phenazone, gentisic acid and N-methylphenacetin. Many studies have identified these compounds in various locations around the world and in different water resources (e.g., Heberer et al. 1997, 2001a, 2001b Ternes 2001 Stumpf et al. 1999 Ahrer et al. 2001 Sedlak and Pinkston 2001 Holm et al. 1995 Ahel and Jelicic 2001 Sacher et al. 2001). 

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Benzydamine (373), an analgesic and antiinflammatory drug, generates p-phenolic metabolite 374 despite several competing reactions.230... 

The industrial synthesis of naproxen, an over-the-counter analgesic and antiinflammatory drug. 

The FDA would contract with outside experts in academic and other institutions to review pieces of NDAs submitted for antibiotics, allergy drugs, analgesics, and antiinflammatory drugs, four therapeutic categories in which many drugs have already been approved and the FDA expects little scientific controversies. 

Analgesic and antiinflammatory drugs Analgesics Salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine, butalbarbitone, phenacetin, p-chloro-acetanilide, in a multi-component analgesic product Partition p Bondapak C18 0.01% aqueous ammonium carbonate/ acetonitrile (60 40)... 

Hajhashemi, V., A. Ghannadi, and H. Jafarabadi, 2004. Black cumin seed essential oil, as a potent analgesic and antiinflammatory drug. Phytother. Res., 18(3) 195-199. 

Table 6. Trade Names and Procedures of Analgesics, Antipyretics, and Antiinflammatory Drugs...

Phenylbutazone (Butazolidin, Tandearil) (see Chapter 36) also displays antipyretic, analgesic, and antiinflammatory activity. In addition, it possesses some uricosuric potency and therefore is widely used for the treatment of acute attacks of gouty arthritis, in which it is about equal to colchicine in effectiveness. Although the drug does promote the renal excretion of uric acid, its usefulness is generally attributed to its antiinflammatory actions. 

TABLE 3. TRADE NAMES AND PRODUCERS OF ANALGESICS. ANTIPYRETICS. AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS... 

Salicylates Muscle and joint pain in acute and chronic conditions (e.g., overuse injuries, rheumatoid arthritis] Aspirinlike drugs with analgesic and antiinflammatory effects (see Chapter 15] 10% trolamine salicylate ointment or 2°/o-3% sodium salicylate solution from negative pole 10% trolamine salicylate ointment or 3% sodium salicylate ointment... 

Boothe D M 1995 The analgesic-antipyretic-antiinflammatory drugs. In Adams H R (ed) Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 7th edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, lA, pp. 432-449 Brune K, Menzel-Soglowek S, Zeilhofer H U 1992... 

Tubulointerstitial nephritis can be either acute or chronic in nature. Acute interstitial nephritis is characterized by an acute renal interstitial inflammatory response with urinary eosinophils and nonoliguric acute renal failure. The more common drugs that induce acute interstitial nephritis include penicillins, rifampicin, sulfonamides, and cimetadine. Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis is most commonly associated with the long term use of large amounts of analgesics and antiinflammatory agents (e.g., NSAIDs). 

In addition to chlorpromazine, phenylbutazone (an analgesic and antiinflammatory agent), sulfonamides (chemotherapeutic agents), chlorothiazide (a diuretic), thiouracil and methima-zole (antithyroid drugs), phenytoin (an anticonvulsant), pyribenzamine (an antihistaminic), and chloramphenicol... 

Piroxicam (25 mg p.o. daily) is indicated in the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Piroxicam, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent (NSAID), has analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. It has a long half-life of 50 hours. Piroxicam should be used cautiously in patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease, angioedema, or cardiac disease because the drug may worsen these conditions, and in patients with decreased renal function because it may cause a further reduction in renal function (see also Table 3). 

Amidopyrine agranulocytosis or pancytopenia is extremely rare and transient (Flandrin et al. 1971). Although it is an excellent antipyretic, analgesic, and antiinflammatory agent, amidopyrine should be employed only after safer drugs and other measures have proven ineffective. 

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