Analgesia preoperative

A study on racial differences in receipt of analgesics found that nearly three-fourths (74%) of white patients compared with 57% of African American patients received analgesics for lower extremity fractures in emergency departments (Todd et al., 2001). An assessment of racial/ethnic differences in physicians prescriptions of patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain found that after adjustment for age, gender, preoperative... 

Parenteral - For preoperative medication, support of anesthesia and obstetrical analgesia. 

Subcutaneous/IM Relief of severe pain relieve preoperative apprehension preoperative sedation control postoperative pain supplement to anesthesia analgesia during labor acute pulmonary edema allay anxiety. 

OXYMORPHONE HYDROCHLORIDE Relief of moderate to severe pain. Parenterally for preoperative medication, support of anesthesia, obstetrical analgesia, and for relief of anxiety in patients with dyspnea associated with pulmonary edema secondary to acute left ventricular dysfunction. 

For preoperative analgesia, as a supplement to balanced analgesia, to surgical and postsurgical anesthesia and for obstetrical analgesia during labor and delivery. 

Analgesia is indicated if the patient is in pain preoperatively or it can be given pre-emptively to prevent postoperative pain. Severe preoperative pain is treated with a parenteral opioid such as morphine. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol are commonly given orally preoperatively to prevent postoperative pain after minor surgery. For moderate or major surgery, these drugs are supplemented with an opioid towards the end of the procedure. 

Oral and parenteral used for relief of moderate to severe pain parenteral used for preoperative sedation support of anesthesia obstetrical analgesia. 

Nalbuphine, a narcotic agonist-antagonist (10 mg in adult administered SC, IM, or IV every 3 to 6 hours) is indicated for the relief of moderate to severe pain, for preoperative analgesia, as a supplement to balanced analgesia and to surgical anesthesia, and for obstetrical analgesia during labor and delivery. 

Dexmedetomidine (PRECEDEX), a relatively selective agonist with sedative properties, produces preoperative sedation and anxiolysis, drying of secretions, and analgesia the drug is used as an anesthetic adjunct. 

Analgesic, preoperative sedation, obstetric analgesia Analgesic... 

Naibuphine (Nubain) Moderate analgesia. Moderate to severe pain. Preoperative medicine, combination anesthesia. Low incidence of respiratory depression, sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. 

Parecoxib is unique in that it is the first COX-2-spe-cific inhibitor that can be parenterally administered. This feature of parecoxib allows for its role in preoperative and post-operative analgesia when patients are often unable to take oral pain medications. Parecoxib has a long history in the hterature, which will be reviewed below. However, it must be stated that parecoxib is not FDA-approved in the USA, but is available in other countries for short-term peri-operative analgesia. 

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