Anaesthesia, control

It may be noted that the oculomotor centre in the brain is also controlled by impulses passing from the higher centres. If these are inhibited, constriction of the pupil occurs, e.g. during sleep and surgical anaesthesia. The higher centres can be directly stimulated by morphine, thus causing pin-point pupil. 

A randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Anaesthesia. 48(5) 393-5. 

A clinically useful action of a2-agonists is their ability to reduce the requirements for other anaesthetic agents during anaesthesia. In control mice, non-sedative doses of dexmedetomidine reduced the concentrations of the volatile anaesthetic, halothane, to induce anaesthesia by 30% (Lakhlani et al. 1997). This anaesthetic-sparing effect of a2-agonists was completely abolished in a2A-D79N mice. 

ZOl 15 Phillips, S., S. Hutchinson, and R. Ruggier. Zingiber officinale does not affect gastric emptying rate. A randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Anaesthesia 1993 48(5) 393-395. 

The era of modern general anaesthesia dawned in 1846 with the first administration of diethyl ether by William Morton to a patient in Massachusetts General Hospital. One year later it was followed by Simpson s demonstration of the effects of chloroform in Edinburgh. Since that time the dominance of the inhalation route of administration as a means of providing general anaesthesia combined with safe control of the airway has not been seriously challenged. 

A higher incidence of nausea and vomiting has been reported after sevoflurane anaesthesia than when a target-controlled propofol infusion is used. 

Severe acute heart failure, hypertensive crisis, controlled hypotension during anaesthesia and severe peri-operative hypertension. 

The hair of the back of the head was mechanically removed from an area of 3 x 4 cm under ether anaesthesia. The skin was dissected to the fascia. After the operation the wound was daily treated with a 5% ointment consisting of the appropriate silatrane and a vaseline-lanolin base until complete microscopic healing. The wounds of the control animals were covered only with the vaseline-lanolin mixture. The other control group was not treated at all. The wounds were examined daily and measured until complete healing. Then the animals were killed. From the wound area a piece of skin was taken for a histological analysis. 

Figure 1. Loss ofRR during anaesthesia with 209 mM ethanol was significantly delayed from 10 min onwards (p<0.005, by x2 test) with young toads treated with Nux vomica 30 CHprepared with 90% ethanol by sonication as compared to the control. Control (o) treated ( ). n=60 in both the test and the control. (Reproduced, with permission, from Sukul et al. Hydrated ethanol, the effective medium for a homeopathic potency as tested by a new toad model. Indian JLandscape Syst Ecol Stud 1997 20 155)...

Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Mekhail N, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy. BrJ Surg. 2003 90 1195-1199. 

Burns R, McCrae AF, Tiplady B. A comparison of target-controlled with patient-controlled administration of propofol combined with midazolam for sedation during dental surgery. Anaesthesia 2003 58 170-6. 

Wells Rubinstein PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY Controlled Drug Release, Volume 2 Wells Rubinstein PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY Tableting Technology, Volume 2 Wilson Washington PHYSIOLOGICAL PHARMACEUTICS Woolfson McCafferty PERCUTANEOUS ANAESTHESIA... 

Advantages are that drugs as gases can be rapidly taken up or eliminated, giving the close control that has marked the use of this route in general anaesthesia from its earliest days. Self-administration is practicable. Aerosols and powders provide... 

High blood glucose concentration matters little over short periods, except in the critically ill. The programme for control should be agreed between anaesthetist and physician whenever diabetic patients must undergo general anaesthesia or modify their diets. There are many different techniques that can give satisfactory results. 

G. W.A. Kenny, G.N.C. McArdle, C.S. The influence of patient characteristics on the requirements for postoperative analgesia. A reassessment using patient-controlled analgesia. Anaesthesia 1989, 44 (1), 2-6. 

Wigfull J, Welchew E. Survey of 1057 patients receiving postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia 2001 56(l) 70-5. 

Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H. Prevention of nausea and vomiting with granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide during and after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998 42(8) 921-5. 

Millo J, Siddons M, Innes R, Laurie PS. Randomised double-blind comparison of ondansetron and droperidol to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting associated with patient-controlled analgesia. Anaesthesia 2001 56(l) 60-5. 

Watson KR, Shah MV. Clinical comparison of single agent anaesthesia with sevoflurane versus target controlled infusion of propofol. Br J Anaesth 2000 85(4) 541-6. 

Smith I, Thwaites AJ. Target-controlled propofol vs. sevoflurane a double-blind, randomised comparison in day-case anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1999 54(8) 745-52. 

Tramer M, Moore A, McQuay H. Propofol anaesthesia and postoperative nausea and vomiting quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled studies. Br J Anaesth 1997 78(3) 247-55. 

Keller C, Sparr HJ, Brimacombe JR. Laryngeal mask lubrication. A comparative study of saline versus 2% lignocaine gel with cuff pressure control. Anaesthesia 1997 52(6) 592-7. 

Mollmann M, Cord S, Holst D, Auf der Landwehr U. Continuous spinal anaesthesia or continuous epidural anaesthesia for post-operative pain control after hip replacement Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999 16(7) 454-61. 

Hanks GW, Twycross RG, Bliss JM. Controlled release morphine tablets a double-blind trial in patients with advanced cancer. Anaesthesia 1987 42(8) 840-4. 

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