An Introduction to Paper

L4. Lederer, M., An Introduction to Paper Electrophoresis and Related Methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1955. 

HyperChem currently supports one first-principle method ab initio theory), one independent-electron method (extended Hiickel theory), and eight semi-empirical SCFmethods (CNDO, INDO, MINDO/3, MNDO, AMI, PM3, ZINDO/1, and ZINDO/S). This section gives sufficient details on each method to serve as an introduction to approximate molecular orbital calculations. For further details, the original papers on each method should be consulted, as well as other research literature. References appear in the following sections. 

Section 3.2 is an introduction to general nucleation behaviour as first used for low molecular weight materials, that is, non-polymeric substances. This topic is frequently not covered in polymer papers but the extensive work done in this area provides the framework for the theory, and indicates the limitations and problems to be expected in predicting the physical behaviour. 

Chemistry is involved at every stage of the process, including the chemistry of inorganic pigments and organic resins, colloid and surface chemistry, as well as elements of environmental and analytical chemistry. The Chemistry of Paper provides an informative and entertaining overview of the chemical principles involved. It will be especially suitable to students and others who require an introduction to the chemistry of paper manufacture. 

My primary objective has been to provide an introduction to the most important parts of the process of making paper in which chemistry plays a role, and I have attempted to deal with the chemistry of the process in more or less chronological order. Because... 

Mr. Winegardner is the author of numerous papers, and the author of An Introduction to Soils for Environmental Professionals published by CRC/Lewis Publishers, and coauthor of Principles of Technical Consulting and Project Management published by Lewis Publishers. He is a member of the National Ground Water Association and the Oklahoma Society of Environmental Professionals. 

This paper has provided the reader with an introduction to a class of polymers that show great potential as reverse osmosis membrane materials — poly(aryl ethers). Resistance to degradation and hydrolysis as well as resistance to stress Induced creep make membranes of these polymers particularly attractive. It has been demonstrated that through sulfonation the hydrophilic/hydrophobic, flux/separation, and structural stability characteristics of these membranes can be altered to suit the specific application. It has been Illustrated that the nature of the counter-ion of the sulfonation plays a role in determining performance characteristics. In the preliminary studies reported here, one particular poly(aryl ether) has been studied — the sulfonated derivative of Blsphenol A - polysulfone. This polymer was selected to serve as a model for the development of experimental techniques as well as to permit the investigation of variables... 

Bussing, T., and G. Pappas. 1994. An introduction to pulse detonation engines. AlAA Paper No. 94-0263. 

A useful source for an in-depth discussion of the conjugate-gradient method is J. R. Shewchuk, An Introduction to the Conjugate Gradient Method Without the Agonizing Pain (http //www.cs.cmu.edu /—quake-papers / painless-conjugate-gradient.pdf). 

Choose one of the thesis statements you fleshed out in an earlier lesson. Then, use the strategies in this lesson to write an introduction to the paper. Use the blank pages at the end of this book for your work. 

Dr. Schneider s paper has given an introduction to the subject of the nuclear resonance study of hydrogen bonding, which will not be repeated here. Our initial aim was to study molecular complexes in aqueous solution, with particular emphasis on complexes of biological importance. It soon became apparent that the phenomena were so complex that a fundamental study of hydroxyl-type hydrogen bonds in simple molecules was first required. 

A review of the present interpretations and an introduction to the theoretical papers presented at the Congress... 

It is impossible to write an introduction to a collection of such papers without being acutely aware of the pioneering contributions of J. H. Schulman, whose untimely death in June 1967 robbed surface and colloid chemistry of one of its most gifted investigators. His insight in the field of biology has been a source of inspiration to many and will long be remembered. We are indeed fortunate to have a paper coauthored by him as one of the contributions to this volume. 

The preceding works have been selected because of their coherence with our general treatment. It is hoped that a small group of papers will serve as a readily grasped frame of reference and an introduction to the vast literature on light scattering. 

The rule which we are going to state was given by J. W. Gibbs (1) in his famous paper of 1878, but as he gave the statement and its proof somewhat implicitly, we may repeat it here in a more explicit form as an introduction to the following paragraphs. 

This volume contains 29 contributions presented at the three-day Anaheim symposium. They are organized into sections where one may find state-of-the-art papers on segmented copolymers, block copolymers, and blend systems. Three additional review articles were solicited and added to the meeting papers to provide nonspecialists with background material and an introduction to each section. 

There have been over 100 papers published in the scientific literature on validation of methods using CE, including a few review articles [55,56]. For those needing an introduction to the field, the following references are best consulted [57,58], as well as an article on validation of LC methods [59], CE methods validate in the same fashion as LC methods. 

---