An Extensive Burst

Your radium results are very amazing. A process that works with slow neutrons and leads to barium ... To me for the time being the hypothesis of such an extensive burst seems very difficult to accept, but we have experienced so many surprises in nuclear physics that one cannot say without hesitation about anything It s impossible. ... 

This natural process by which dissolved and/or particulate surface-active materials end up in the atmosphere has been modeled and studied in the laboratory. As summarized by Detwiler and Blanchard (ref. 46), tests in suspensions of bacteria (ref. 76,96,97), latex spheres (ref. 98), dyes (ref. 99), and in sea water and river water (ref. 96,100,101) have demonstrated successful transfer of all manner of surface-active material from the bulk fluid, or the bulk interface, to the droplets ejected when bubbles burst. (This situation can be pictured as an extension of the common industrial adsorptive-bubble-separation process (ref. 102) into a third dimension or phase — the atmosphere.) Further laboratory tests with various tap waters, distilled waters, and salt solutions have shown that no water sample was ever encountered that did not contain at least traces of surface-active material (ref. 46). 

B. Surface Burst. A surface burst weapon is detonated on or slightly above the surface of the earth so that the fireball actually touches the land or water surface. The area affected by blast, thermal radiation, and initial nuclear radiation will be less extensive than for an air burst of similar yield, except in the region of ground zero where destruction is concentrated. In contrast with airbursts, local fallout can be a hazard over a much larger downwind area than that which is affected by blast and thermal radiation. 

The overpressure relief containment system (see detail in Figure 12.5) uses a stainless steel vent stack (4 inch diameter pipe) to the roof of the building. It is terminated by an oversize hydrophobic filter. Calculations indicate that, in the event of a burst, the volume of liquid that will be discharged can be accommodated in an extension (ca. 10 feet long) of the vent stack below the discharge point. This accommodation is necessary to... 

The Zhouqu County is located on the upper reaches of Bailong River and in a seismically active mountainous terrain, an extension zone of the Tibetan uplift region. The study area of Sanyan5ui debris valley is on the left bank of Bailong River. Since Republic of China (1911-present), at least 8 debris flow disasters have burst in Sanyan5ui valley according to historical records (Table 1). 

Synthetic approaches to produce polymers with desirable biomedical characteristics for this class of materials have been extensively reviewed (Allcock, 1990 Crommen et al, 1993). Poly[(amino acid ester) phos-phazenes] are knovm to be susceptible toward hydrolytic degradation and hold promise as degradable materials. Recently, Laurencin etal (1987) used a poly(imidazole methylphenoxy) phosphazene to study the release characteristics ofBSA. Protein release was demonstrated using C-labeled BSA in a 20% imidazole-substituted polyphosphazene. Release from this matrix consisted of an initial burst of almost 25% of the protein, followed by release over several hundred hours in which a total of 55% of the protein was released. Polymer degradation for the 20% imidazole-substituted polyphosphazene was also studied and found to be quite slow, with 4% of the polymer degraded in 600 hr. 

An extensive testing program has been Initiated to detenplne the burst strength, stress-rupture strength, and susceptibility to crack propagation of the process tube under conditions of elevated tenq rature and variable hydride concentration. Initially, these tests are made using samples of actual process tube under biaxial stress. These tests will provide the bases for comparison with similar tests made on samples of Irradiated process... 

In 1991 at Hanau, Frankfurt (Germany), a tank of 100 m3 hydrogen pressurized at 45 bars burst when stored outdoors in an industrial plant. The shock wave and the missiles of the tank shell caused heavy damage on the plant units. Investigations showed that welding in the metallic shell suffered from extensive cracks from the inner side to the outside. Likely, the comers along the welding caused concentration of stresses so that the first cracks... 

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