Amplitude of the signal

The status bar displays information about the current status of the acquisition system the position of each of the four axes of the probe position monitor the maximum amplitude of the signal within the gate for both the coupling channel and the signal (flaw detection) channel and the current operating mode of the system, which may be record-... 

Gate Start and Width. Define the start position and width, in millimetres, of the gate used for defining the time interval in which the peak amplitude of the signal will be measured. 

The complex amplitude of the signal field at the output of the crystal is amplified by a factor g with respect to the input field, g is always larger than one so that there is always coherent amplification of the signal field one speaks of parametric amplification. Nonlinear optics provides an amplification different from the amplification occurring in a medium which present population inversion. For a t)q)ical value of the nonlinear coefficient of 1 pm/V, a pump of... 

The amplitudes of the signals with frequencies 2co and Iw can easily be measured using lock-in amplifiers. The 2w signal is used as control signal in the feedback electronics so that its value is kept constant. The feedback output is then the topographic image [modulated by e(x,y)]. Since the term B-f(Rlz) in Eq. (17) is kept constant by the feedback, the 1 w signal obtained simultaneously with another lock-in amplifier provides a map of surface... 

The initial amplitude of the signal is directly proportional to the total number of protons in the sample. 

The lock-in output is thus proportional to the amplitude of the signal Vs through a constant a which is only weakly dependent on (for small ). 

Instabilities in temperature usually have a disastrous effect on the spectral quality [6]. Changes in room temperature will influence the electronics, thereby introducing changes in phase or amplitude of the signals. Changes in temperature in the sample will shift the resonance position of the solvent The deuterium frequency of some solvents, e.g. water, is especially sensitive to changes in temperature. Hence, spectra recorded in water tend to contain more I, noise than those measured in DM SO. 

At this point, the intensity of the selected on-resonance signal is 0 (i.e., the positive and negative amplitudes of the signal are equal). 

Here M is termed the amplitude of the signal and w its angular frequency in radians/unit time. The frequency may also be expressed as ... 

This indicates that the oscillation, once set in motion, will be maintained with constant amplitude around the closed-loop for =. % = 0. If, however, the open-loop gain or AR of the system is greater than unity, the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal will increase around the control loop, whilst the phase shift will remain unaffected. Thus the amplitude of the signal will grow indefinitely, i.e. the system will be unstable. 

The detection limit (DL) is the smallest quantity of sample that can be detected qualitatively but not quantitatively. It is determined by measuring the maximum amplitude of the signal on a distance equal to (at least) 20 times the peak width of the sample. The detection limit is DL =... 

The signal generator applies a continuous sine wave of suitable frequency and amplitude to the transducer. The transducer generates an ultrasonic sine wave which propagates into the sample and is reflected back and forth between the reflector plate and transducer. Standing waves are set up in the sample, and the amplitude of the signal received by the transducer... 

The effective bulk dielectric constant is determined by measuring the distance between a maximum and minimum value of amplitude. The bulk loss factor is determined by measuring the amplitude of the signal under the sample with the loop, as a function of plunger distance from the beginning of the sample. 

The corresponding time domain experiment with a long exposure pulse is shown in the insert. Both measurements have been normalized to the amplitude of the signal from the temperature grating. The amplitudes of the concentration signal and the diffusion time constant % agree between both experiments within the experimental error (Table 2). 

From this equation it is clear that the measured rate constant will be the same as that obtained by monitoring the loss of A, that is, kohs = kx + k2 I k2. Only the absolute concentrations of B (or amplitude of the signal) will be affected by the values of individual rate constants kt, k2, and /c3, as shown schematically in Figure 8.2. 

Finally, reassociation of the broken oligomers occurs with time constants between 9 ps (dimers) and 14 ps (trimers) to a new thermal quasi-equilibrium (level 4) with lifetimes in the nanosecond region. The system does not return to the initial state (0) as a direct consequence of the deposited energy of the excitation process. The resulting temperature increase of the sample is small but produces measurable effects and is estimated from the long-lived amplitude of the signal transients to be below 1 K. 

Amplitude of the signal (linearity of the cell, use the oscilloscope and frequency spectrum window)... 

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