Amplitude measurements integral

Figure 8.1 The duration of NREM sleep and delta activity during NREM sleep following saline (open circles) or 0.5mg/kg MK-801 (filled circles), administered 6h after the start of the dark period. MK-801 initially produced a period of wakefulness approximately 3 h long. In the subsequent light period, NREM sleep duration (A), total integrated amplitude (TIA, a period amplitude measure similar to power) of NREM sleep delta (B), and NREM sleep delta integrated amplitude per minute (IA/min) (C) were all significantly increased above control levels.

X-ray reflectivity results are sometimes reported in terms of structure factor. In this case, the data are presented as the square root of the measured integrated intensities. Suitable normalization enables the conversion of this scale to a plot of scattering amplitude in units of electron scattering. 

The relation (5.257) combined with the definition (5.231) will also provide the measured integrated reflectivity dependency by the structure factor amplitude of the non-deformed ideal crystal case ... 

Figure 6.2 (a) Variation of the stress drop as a function of the cumulative viscoplastic strain, p, obtained after integration with time of the ahsoiute value of the viscoplastic strain rate for different total applied strain amplitudes (steel grade 91, 550°C) [41]. This drop is defined hy the difference between the amplitude measured at the first cycle and the amphtude measured at the Vth cycle (b) stress variation during cyclic load at very low total strain (grade 91, 0.15%, 550°C, 3.3 million cycles). 

Luminescence lifetime spectroscopy. In addition to the nanosecond lifetime measurements that are now rather routine, lifetime measurements on a femtosecond time scale are being attained with the intensity correlation method (124), which is an indirect technique for investigating the dynamics of excited states in the time frame of the laser pulse itself. The sample is excited with two laser pulse trains of equal amplitude and frequencies nl and n2 and the time-integrated luminescence at the difference frequency (nl - n2 ) is measured as a function of the relative pulse delay. Hochstrasser (125) has measured inertial motions of rotating molecules in condensed phases on time scales shorter than the collision time, allowing insight into relaxation processes following molecular collisions. 

In an NMR/MRI flow experiment, we would like to measure parameters such as velocity without regard to the starting position of the particle. Thus, mo is always set to zero. The moments m, are under the control of the experimenter in that they are manipulated by the choice of the time dependence of the gradient G. Thus, it is easy to see that m0 can be set to zero by simply making sure that the time integral of the gradient is zero. The easiest way to accomplish this is to have a bipolar gradient of equal absolute amplitude and duration. 

The first crystal-independent structural order metric that we will explore is the translational parameter l w an integral measure of the amplitude of the material s total correlation function h(r),... 

The energy of the laser pulse is measured using an integrating sphere and a (GeGaAs) photodiode, integrated by a boxcar. To ensure that mass spectra and laser energies are recorded in pairs, a home built amplitude to time converter is used to write the energy as a time delay at the end of each mass spectrum. 

In early 1983, Bioanalytical Systems introduced a new class of integrated processor-driven instrumentation based on a concept first developed by Faulkner and his co-workers [1] at the University of Illinois. This unit (Figs. 6.22 and 6.23) has evolved over the years and now includes a repertoire of some 35 electrochemical techniques, including the most popular large-amplitude (Chap. 3) and small-amplitude (Chap. 5) controlled-potential methods. The unit also is capable of determining electrocapillary curves and can automatically measure and compensate for solution resistance (R in Fig. 6.5). Thus in a single instrument it is possible to utilize virtually all of the diagnostic criteria introduced in Chapters 3 and 5 and also to explore quickly which technique is optimum for... 

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