Amphidinium

Hoffman, E., et al., 1996. Structural basis of light harvesting by carotenoids Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein from Amphidinium carterae. Science 272 1788-1791. 

Damjanovic, A., Ritz, T. and Schulten, K. (2000). Excitation transfer in the peridinin-chlorophyll-protein of Amphidinium carterae. Biophys. J. 

Doi Y, Ishibashi M, Nakamichi H, Kosaka T, Ishikawa T, Kobayashi J (1997) Luteophanol A, a new polyhydroxyl compound from symbiotic marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. J Org Chem 62 3820-3823... 

Kjelleberg S, Steinberg P (2001) Surface waters in the sea. Microbiol Today 28 134-135 Knaggs AR (2003) The biosynthesis of shikimate metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 20 119-136 Kobayashi J, Ishibashi M, Nakamura H, Ohizumi Y, Yamasu T, Sasaki T, Flirata Y (1986) Amphidinolide-A an antineoplastic macrolide from the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. Tetrahedron Lett 27 5755-5758... 

Results of investigations on the biosynthesis of neoxanthin (30) and peridinin (6) from 3H- and I4C-labeled mevanolate by the alga Amphidinium carterae are not in accordance with the formation of the exocyclic allene from an alkyne I. E. Swift, B. V. Milborrow, Biochem.J. 1981, 299, 69-74. 

Macrolide poiyether brvostatins Bugula neritina (L.), Cheilostomata, Bryoz. Pettit 1991) caribenolides Amphidinium sp., freeDinofl. Bauer 1995). 

Bau, I. Maranda, L. Young, K.A. Shimizu, Y. (1995) Isolation and structure of caribenolide I, a highly potent antitumw macrolide from a cultured free-swimming Caribbean dinoflagellate, Amphidinium sp. J. Org. Chem., 60, 1084-6. 

Eukaryotic plants and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic dinoflagellates, which make up much of the marine plankton, use both carotenoids and chlorophyll in light-harvesting complexes. The carotenoid peridinin (Fig. 23-29), which absorbs blue-green in the 470- to 550-nm range, predominates. The LH complex of Amphidinium carterae consists of a 30.2-kDA protein that forms a cavity into which eight molecules of peridinin but only two of chlorophyll a (Chi a) and two molecules of a galactolipid are bound (Fig. 23-29).268... 

Figure 23-29 (A) Stereoscopic drawing of light-harvesting complex from the dinoflagellate protozoan Amphidinium carterae. The central cavity contains eight molecules of peridinin, two of which can be seen protruding from the top. Deeply buried toward the bottom are two molecules of Chi a. Also present are two molecules of digalactosyl diacylglycerol. From Hofmann et al.268 Courtesy of Wolfram Welte. (B) Structure of peridinin.

Increased synthesis of MAAs by exposure to high intensity artificial visible light also occurs in the Antarctic diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, the prasinophyte Pyramimonas parkae, and most markedly in the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae (six-fold increase over control).171 However, high visible light exposure does not affect the MAA content of two other unicellular algae, Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyta) and Isochrysis sp. (Haptophyta). Supplemental exposures with UVA and UVB in combination and alone result in a variety of species-specific responses. 

Dinoflagellates Amphidinium sp. sp. remains of spores in situ gut microscopy Febour (1922)... 

Fig. 6 Cellular DMSP-to-carbon ratios (mol mol) versus specific growth rates under various nutrient limited conditions. Phaeocystis antarctica Fe limited (Stefels and van Leeuwe 1998) P. globosa P and N limited (Stefels unpublished carbon is calculated from cell volume see Table 1) Emiliania huxleyi, Amphidinium carterae and Thalassiosira pseudonana 1 N-limited chemostats (Keller et al. 1999b) T. pseudonana 2 Fe and CO2 limited (Sunda et al. 2002 carbon is calculated from cell volume see Table 1) T. pseudonana 3 N, P, Si and C02 limited (data are taken from the exponential and early stationary phase of growth, Figs. 2-7 in Bucciarelli and Sunda 2003 carbon is calculated from cell volumes, see Table 1)...

Franklin, D. J., and Berges, J. A. (2004). Mortality in cultures of the dinoflageUate Amphidinium carterae during culture senescence and darkness. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B 271, 2099—2107. 

Kobayashi J, Kubota T. Bioactive macrolides and polyketides from marine dinoflagellates of the genus Amphidinium. J. Nat. Prod. 2007 70 451-460. 

Maitotoxin precursors are also produced by G. toxicus, Prorocentrum spp., Ostereopsis spp., Coolia monotis, Thecadinium sp., and Amphidinium carterae. 

Allyl epoxides are produced by the acclaimed Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation reaction [75], and are important intermediates and products. For example, an allyl epoxide is a vital part of the structure of amphidinolides, a series of unique macrolides isolated from dinoflagellates (Amphidinium sp.). Amphidinolide H (AmpH) is a potent cytotoxic 26-membered macrolide with potent cytotoxicity for several carcinoma cell lines [76]. An allyl epoxide is involved in the total synthesis of prostaglandin A2 with a cuprate reagent [77]. Allyl epoxides derived from Sharpless chemistry are a practical method for construction of polypropionate structures by Lewis acid-induced rearrangement [78,79]. Other allyl epoxides such as l,2-epoxy-3-methyl-3-butanol are useful organic intermediates for the production of a-hydroxyketones, which are used for the synthesis of various natural... 

FT Haxo, JH Kycia, GF Somers, A Bennett and HW Siegelman (1976) Peridinin-chlorophyll a protein of the dinoflegellate Amphidinium carterae (Plymouth 450). Plant Physiol 57 297-303. 

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