Pharmacology amphetamines

Wilens, T. and Spencer, T. (1998) Amphetamine pharmacology. In Tarter, R., Ammerman, R., and Ott, P., eds. Handbook on Substance Abuse Neurobehavioral Pharmacology. New York Plenum Press ... 

Weiss, Bernard, and Victor G. Laties. The Enhancement of Human Performance by Caffeine and the Amphetamines. Pharmacological Review 14 (1962) 1-36. 

Chronic exposure during the neonatal period in the rat. Pharmacology, 14, 435 Kostas, J., McFarland, D. J. and Drew, W. G. (1978). Lead-induced behavioral disorders in the rat Effects of amphetamine. Pharmacology, 16, 226 Kostial, K., Simonvic, I. and Pisonic, M. (1971). Lead absorption from the intestine of newborn rats. Nature (London), 233, 564 Kostial, K. and Vouk, V. B. (1957). Lead ions and synaptic transmission in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. Br. J. Pharmacol., 12, 219 Kotok, D. (1972). Development of children with elevated blood lead levels A controlled study. J. Pediatr., 80, 57... 

Research for an antidepressant among non-tricyclic compounds with pharmacological effects qualitatively different from those of the conventional tricyclic compounds led to the preparation and testing of a series of indazole derivatives for reserpine-like activity in mice. l-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-5-methyl-3-phenyl-l//-indazole (FS-32 692) antagonizes reserpine-induced effects and potentiates amphetamine-induced self-stimulation and l-Dopa-induced increase in motor activity. FS-32 produces an anticholinergic action mainly on the central nervous System, while the action of imipramine occurs centrally as well as peripherally (79AF511). 

The most common treatment of ADHD is pharmacological. Psychostimulant diugs such as methylpheni-date and amphetamine or atomoxetin, an inhibitor of the noradrenaline transporter can be prescribed. These agents elicit the non-exocytotic release of... 

The pharmacology of amphetamine is considerably more complex. It does not only block monoamine reuptake, but also directly inhibits the vesicular monoamine transporter, causing an increase in cytosolic but not vesicular dopamine concentration. This may lead to reverse transport of the amines via the membrane-bound transporters. Further mechanisms of amphetamine action are direct MAO inhibition and indirect release of both dopamine and serotonin in the striatum. 

Berry MD (2004) Mammalian central nervous system trace amines. Pharmacologic amphetamines, physiologic neuromodulators. J Neurochem 90 257—271... 

The anorexiants, such as phentennine and phendime-trazine, are nonamphetamine dru pharmacologically similar to the amphetamines. Lake the amphetamines, their ability to suppress the appetite is thought to be due to their action on the appetite center in the hypothalamus. 

The development of effective pharmacotherapy has lagged behind progress in understanding the reward mechanisms and chronic impairments underlying stimulant abuse. Pharmacological and behavioral treatment approaches that have been used for cocaine abuse have not been as widely tested for the treatment of amphetamine abuse, limiting what can be offered for treatment of this disorder. No treatment agents are approved by the FDA for treatment of cocaine or amphetamine dependence. 

These data clearly illustrate the enantioselectivity of the (-l-)-isomers of MDA, MDMA, and MBDB in producing an MDMA-like stimulus and underscore the fact that in vitro studies of the biochemical pharmacology of these substances should reveal similar selectivity, once the primary pharmacological process underlying the interoceptive cue is identified. The data also indicate that (-l-)-MDA is the most potent of all the drugs tested in MDMA- or in (-t)-MBDB-trained animals. The faet that (-l-)-MDA does not substitute in amphetamine-trained animals in our studies supports the argument that the pharmacology of this enantiomer of MDA is MDMA-like and is not like amphetamine. 

These results show that the MDMA cue is complex and may have some similarity to amphetamine. However, suggestions that the pharmacology of (+)-MDMA is essentially the same as that of amphetamine are clearly not warranted by the data. This partial amphetamine-like action is believed to... 

Similarly, self-administration of MDMA in monkeys trained to self-administer amphetamine (Kamien et al. 1986) or in monkeys or baboons trained to self-administer cocaine (Beardsley et al. 1986 Lamb and Griffiths 1987) probably reflects a dopaminergic component to the pharmacology of MDMA. This would be consistent with current theories of dopamine involvement in the mechanism of action of drugs with dependence liability (Wise and Bozarth 1987). 

COMMENT/QUESTION I was not using MDMA-like in the sense that you were using it—as a substitute. I am simply saying it did not have the pharmacologic effect that MDMA had namely, substitution for amphetamine, which obviously must mean that the N-hydroxy compound is not converted to MDMA to the same extent at least as the p-toluylamphetamine analog was. I would like to know if you have any information about the metabolism of those N-hydroxy compounds. 

Engberg, G., and Svensson, T.H. Amphetamine-induced inhibition of central noradrenergic neurons A pharmacological analysis. Life Sci 24 2245-2254, 1979. 

In view of this neurotoxicity, we will review some data relevant to this process. First, we will review data showing that methamphetamine (METH), a prototypic psychomotor stimulant, which has been widely used for nonmedical purposes at doses often a good deal higher than therapeutie doses, is neurotoxic to dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HI)) systems. Second, we will examine the evidence that other substituted phenethylamines are also neurotoxic to certain transmitter systems. Last, we will examine the behavioral and pharmacological consequences of neurotoxicity that result from exposure to some of these amphetamine-related drugs. 

The pharmacology of [ HjMDA binding was determined by examining the effects of other monoamine reuptake blockers and related amphetamine... 

Pharmacologic Profile of Amphetamine Derivatives at Various Brain Recognition Sites Selective Effects on Serotonergic Systems... 

Steele et al. 1987 Battaglia et al. 1988). In summary, previous pharmacologic studies indicate that MDMA and related psychotropic amphetamines have a multiphasic effect marked by an acute release of 5-HT, which may be reversible, followed by a ehronic decrease in 5-HT markers probably due to axon degeneration. 

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