Amorphous solids basic properties

Basic crystal properties include solubility, supersaturation, metastable zone width, oil, amorphous solid, polymorphism, occlusion, morphology, and particle size distribution. Clearly. 

Amino acids. A compound that contains at least one amino group and at least one carboxyl group. (25.3) Amorphous solid. A solid that lacks a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules. (11.7) Amphoteric oxide. An oxide that exhibits both acidic and basic properties. (8.6)... 

The basic idea describing an amorphous solid is the continuity between the liquid and the solid states, yet there are different rates of variations of a given physical property with temperature. 

Most of the adsorbents used in the adsorption process are also useful to catalysis, because they can act as solid catalysts or their supports. The basic function of catalyst supports, usually porous adsorbents, is to keep the catalytically active phase in a highly dispersed state. It is obvious that the methods of preparation and characterization of adsorbents and catalysts are very similar or identical. The physical structure of catalysts is investigated by means of both adsorption methods and various instrumental techniques derived for estimating their porosity and surface area. Factors such as surface area, distribution of pore volumes, pore sizes, stability, and mechanical properties of materials used are also very important in both processes—adsorption and catalysis. Activated carbons, silica, and alumina species as well as natural amorphous aluminosilicates and zeolites are widely used as either catalyst supports or heterogeneous catalysts. From the above, the following conclusions can be easily drawn (Dabrowski, 2001) ... 

Various kinds of oxide materials, including single oxides, mixed oxides, molybdates, heteropoly-ions, clays, and zeolites, are used in catalysis they can be amorphous or crystalline, acid or basic. Furthermore the oxides can be the actual catalysts or they can act as supports on which the active catalysts have been deposited. Silica and alumina are commonly used to support both metals and other metal oxide species. Amorphous silica/alumina is a solid acid catalyst, it is also used as a support for metals, when bifunctional (acid and metal) catalysis is required, e.g., in the cracking of hydrocarbons. Other acid catalysts are those obtained by the deposition of a soluble acid on an inert support, such as phosphoric acid on silica (SPA, used in the alkylation of benzene to cumene. Section 5.2.3). They show similar properties to those of the soluble parent acids, while allowing easier handling and fixed bed operation in commercial units. 

The surface acid-base properties of bulk oxides can be conveniently investigated by studying the adsorption of suitably chosen basic-acidic probe molecules on the solid. Acidic and basic sites are often present simultaneously on solid surfaces. The two centers may work independently or in a concerted way, and the occurrence of bifunctional reaction pathways requiring a cooperative action of acidic and basic centers has also received considerable attention [39]. The acid-base properties of numerous amorphous metal oxides investigated by mrcrocalorime-try have been summarized in an extensive review by Cardona-Martinez and Dumesic [11]. 

Compounds of pharmaceutical interest can exist in different solid forms. Broadly, they can be classified as being in the amorphous or in the crystalline state. In crystalline pharmaceuticals, solvates are formed when the solvent molecule is incorporated, either stoichiometrically or non-stoichiometrically, in the crystalline lattice. Hydrates are a subclass of solvates, wherein the incorporated solvent is water. Because of regulatory considerations, non-aqueous solvates find limited use as pharmaceuticals. Our dis-cu.ssions will, therefore, be restricted to hydrates. If the solvent is non-volatile, co-crystals are obtained, and this is an emerging field in solid-state pharmaceutics. In case of weakly acidic and basic compounds, salt forms are prepared with the goal of obtaining the desired biopharmaceutical properties. Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the various types of solid forms of interest in pharmaceuticals (6). 

---