Ammonium perchlorate, thermal decomposition

Because of the use of ammonium perchlorate as a soHd oxidizer for rocket propeUants, the thermal decomposition has been much studied (29—32). Three separate activation energies have been observed for AP decompositions an activation energy of 123.8 kJ/mol (29.6 kcal/mol) is found below 240°C of 79.1 kj/mol (18.9 kcal/mol) above 240°C and finally, of 307.1 kj/mol (73.4 kcal/mol) between 400—440°C (33,34). Below 300°C, the equation... 

The Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate — A Literature Review , U of Miami. Dept of Chem Special Report 6 (1968), AD 673542 43) O, Svejka, CzechP 129074... 

A considerable amount of research has been conducted on the decomposition and deflagration of ammonium perchlorate with and without additives. The normal thermal decomposition of pure ammonium perchlorate involves, simultaneously, an endothermic dissociative sublimation of the mosaic crystals to gaseous perchloric acid and ammonia and an exothermic solid-phase decomposition of the intermosaic material. Although not much is presently known about the nature of the solid-phase reactions, investigations at subatmospheric and atmospheric pressures have provided some information on possible mechanisms. When ammonium perchlorate is heated, there are three competing reactions which can be defined (1) the low-temperature reaction, (2) the high-temperature reaction, and (3) sublimation (B9). 

Fig. 17. Unified reaction scheme for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, proposed by Jacobs et al. [59,925,926], In the low temperature reaction, the interaction occurs between adsorbed species (a) whereas the high temperature reaction and sublimation process involved volatilization intermediates (g). X] and X2 represent mixtures of intermediates.

Materials for a batch of ammonium perchlorate castable propellant were charged into a mechanical mixer. A metal spatula was left in accidentally, and the contents ignited when the mixer was started, owing to local friction caused by the spatula. A tool-listing safety procedure was instituted [1]. The literature on the kinetics of thermal decomposition has been reviewed critically [2],... 

P.W.M. Jacobs 8c A. Russell-Jones, "The Thermal Decomposition and Ignition of Ammonium Perchlorate + Copper Chromite , Ibid, pp 457-62 16) P.A. Urtieu 8c A.K. 

The recent experiments by Galwey and Jacobs [7a] were mainly dedicated to examining the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate above ca. 350°C. They found the decomposition differs in several respects from that below this temperature, complete decomposition occurs, whereas at low temperatures a residue of ammonium perchlorate always remains as described above. 

An electron spin resonance study by Hyde and Freeman [12] revealed that ammonia radical ion NH form when ammonium perchlorate is exposed to X-rays. This radical ion was found to be stable in the ammonium perchlorate lattice up to 120°C. It is not formed during thermal decomposition and is not present in ammonium perchlorate sublimate. 

The introduction of silver ions which act as electron traps enhances the radiation-induced changes in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Irradiated samples containing silver show thermal decomposition similar to samples without silver, but which received a considerably greater radiation dose. 

The same authors [7b] examined the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate with charcoal (see also Vol. III). At temperatures below 240°C the... 

Oxygen Taliani Test of Gamma-Irradiated Propellants ARP, AHH, and CDT , NPP-TMR-172, Naval Propint Plant, Indian Head (1959) 78) E.S. Freeman et al, The Effects of X-Ray and Gamma Ray Irradiation on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate in the Solid State , JPhysChem 64, 1727 (1960) also PATR 2673 (1960) 79) G. Todd E. Parry,... 

P.W. Levy, "Thermal Decomposition of Irradiated Orthorhombic Ammonium Perchlorate , Nature, 1287 (1966) 164) T.C. Castorina et... 

Levy P.J. Herley, Effects of Radiation on the Thermal Decomposition Induction Period in Ammonium Perchlorate and other Pseudostable Materials , JChemPhys 75, 191 (1971) 209) V.V. Boldyrev, Radiolysis of Crystalline... 

Herley et al, Effect of Fast Neutron, Gamma-ray and Combined Radiations on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate Single Crystals , JChemPhys 60, 2340 (1974)... 

Herley et al, Recent Radiation Effect Studies on Ammonium Perchlorate. Part II The Effect of Fast Neutron, Gamma Ray and Combined Radiation on the Thermal Decompositions of- Ammonium Perchlorate Powder—Aluminum Particle Mixtures , Ibid, paper 2.2b, pp 301—15 (1975) 242) W.D. Hutchinson, Neutron Effects on Solid Propellants , Ibid, paper 2.6, pp 281-99 (1975) 243) R.A. Benham F.H. Mathews,... 

Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate During Gamma-Ray Irradiation , Defense Nuclear Agency Rept DNA 4032P-3,... 

Insights on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate from Studies on Very Large Single Crystals , Proc 8th Intern Symp on Reactivity of Solids, Gottenberg, Sweden (1976)... 

Al Fakir, M. S., Progr. Astronaut. Aeronaut., 1981, 76, 5512—564 Admixture of lithium perchlorate [1] or zinc perchlorate [2] leads to decomposition with explosion at 290° or ignition at 240°C, respectively. The role of ammine derivatives of lithium and magnesium perchlorates in catalysing the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate has been studied [3], and lithium perchlorate has a strong catalytic effect on the burning rate [4]. 

L.L. Bircumshaw, B.K Newman "The Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate I. Introduction, Experimental, Analysis of Gaseous Products and Thermal Decomposition Experiments," Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A227 (1954) 115-132 ibid, "The Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate II. The Kinetics of the Decomposition, the Effect of Particle Size, and Discussion of Results" A227 (1955) 228-241. L.L.Bircumshaw, T.R. Phillips, "The Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate" J. Chem. Soc. 122 (1957) 4741-4747. 

W.A. Rosser, S.H. Inami, H. Wise, Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate, Combust. Flame, 12 (1968) 427-435. 

M. D. Pace, Nitrogen Radical from Thermal and Photochemical Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate, Ammonium Dinitramide, and Cyclic Nitramines, M. R. S. Proceed, 296 (1993) 53-60. 

A. V. Rayevskii, in Mechanisms of Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate, Inst. Chem. Phys. Acad. Sci. USSR, Chernogolovka Branch, 1981, p. 30. 

The thermal decomposition of hydrazine perchlorate has been investigated, and ammonium perchlorate was found to be a major product (13). We know of no studies of the self-deflagration of hydrazine perchlorate. The results reported here are concerned with studies of pure hydrazine perchlorate and hydrazine perchlorate containing small amounts of additives. 

Ammonium perchlorate has been studied quite often in recent times because it is used for solid rocket fuel(H.Osada and E.Sakamoto Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, J.Exp.Soc.,JapanNo.5, P 236 (1963) H.Osada and S.Kakinouchi Initiation of the ignition of solid composite propellant, No., p.290(1965)) It is thought that there are two kinds of decomposition the first occurs below 300 0, and the other over 300 0. The reactions seem to be different from each other. They are very complicated and the products are detected as N iO, N i, NO, NO., NHj, HCIO, HNO3, HCl, HNOj, 0. ... 

Melhylaminc nitrate Teiramcthylammonium nitrate Guanidine nitrate Nitrates of aromatic amines Ammonium chlorate Ammonium perchlorate Crystal structure and physical properties Thermal decomposition and burning of A P Thermal decomposition of irradiated ammonium perchlorate Influence of pressure on burning of A P Density and critical diameter... 

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