Ammonium Nitrate Historical

As was mentioned above under the heading Ammonium Nitrate Historical", the use of AN in expls began about 1867 when Norr-bin Oh Is son patented their expl called "Ammoniakkrut 1 (Refs 2,3)- This expl consisted of AN in mixts with combustibles such as charcoal, sawdust, naphthalene, picric acid, NG or nitrobenzene. Nobel acquired the patent and soon introduced a new series of AN expls called "extra dynamites, examples of. which were 71/4/2/23—NG/collo-dian cotton/charcoal/AN and 25/1/12/62-NG/collodion cotton/charcoal/AN (Refs 52 94). AN has steadily increased in importance in the expl industry, especially in the "permissible expls used in coal mining. 

Ammonium Sulfate. Historically ammonium sulfate was important as a fertilizer. However, since the introduction of ammonium nitrate and urea, the relative importance of ammonium sulfate worldwide has steadily decreased. In the year ended June 30, 1990, ammonium sulfate furnished only about 4% of the fertilizer nitrogen used in the United States (Fig. 3) and worldwide (Fig. 6). 

Manufacture. Historically, ammonium nitrate was manufactured by a double decomposition method using sodium nitrate and either ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride. Modem commercial processes, however, rely almost exclusively on the neutralization of nitric acid (qv), produced from ammonia through catalyzed oxidation, with ammonia. Manufacturers commonly use onsite ammonia although some ammonium nitrate is made from purchased ammonia. SoHd product used as fertilizer has been the predominant form produced. However, sale of ammonium nitrate as a component in urea—ammonium nitrate Hquid fertilizer has grown to where about half the ammonium nitrate produced is actually marketed as a solution. 

O-tethered P-keto esters, through the intermediacy of aiylidene keto esters, have been efficiently utilized for the construction of immobilized dihydropyridines. Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) oxidation to pyridines followed by acidolytic cleavage provides a facile entry into nicotinic acid derivatives 57 [42], A three-component Biginelli cyclization of ureas on resin with a solution mixture of aldehydes and P-keto esters provides dihydropyrimidines 58 in high yield and purity [43], Heterocycles such as dihydropyridines and pyrimidines have historically proven to be a rich source of antimicrobial, antitumor, antiviral, and cardiovascular agents. 

Saltpeter" denominates historically the salts of nitric acid. For agriculture, "ammon-saltpeter"(ammonium nitrate, NFi4N03) is of great importance. 

Historically, the following four main steps must be mentioned the preparation of ethylammonium nitrate [C2H5NH3][N03] by Paul Walden in 1914 is recognized by many as the first IL. This compound has a melting point of 12°C but owing to its high reactivity has not really found a use [1]. This was the outcome of his studies of conductivity and electrical properties of salt solutions, especially nonaqueous solutions of organic salts. He conducted very systematic studies with different solvents and salts, and his special interest was in ammonium salts. But Walden himself pointed on the work... 

Analytical Methods. Historically, the copolymer composition of cationic acrylic polymers has been measured by conductiometric (28), silver nitrate (29), or colloid titration (52, 53). Chromatographic methods have been reported for acrylamide monomer (54-56) however, no such methods have been employed for quaternary ammonium monomers. In this chapter, a new HPLC method (Nalco) is described for the simultaneous determination of both comonomers. Colloid titration is described in the next paragraph and was used only for comparison purposes. 

The most commonly known historical technique is based on the simultaneous addition of sodium azide and silver nitrate solutions to a vigorously stirred solution of sodium hydroxide. The product obtained, in the form of small granules made of very small crystals, had good sensitivity but low initiating ability. Larger crystals were obtained by substituting sodium hydroxide with ammonium hydroxide, which increased the solubility of SA but created two problems (a) low yield and (b) dangerous waste (ammoniacal silver solution). Simultaneous addition of nitric acid to provide a nearly neutral solution solved the two problems and yielded a... 

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