Cupric ammonium chloride

Vinyl chloride reacts with ammonium chloride [12125-02-9] and oxygen in the vapor phase at 325°C over a cupric chloride [7447-39-4] CuCl, catalyst to make 1,1,2-trichloroethane and ammonia (68). 

Dichloroethane is produced by the vapor- (28) or Hquid-phase chlorination of ethylene. Most Hquid-phase processes use small amounts of ferric chloride as the catalyst. Other catalysts claimed in the patent Hterature include aluminum chloride, antimony pentachloride, and cupric chloride and an ammonium, alkaU, or alkaline-earth tetrachloroferrate (29). The chlorination is carried out at 40—50°C with 5% air or other free-radical inhibitors (30) added to prevent substitution chlorination of the product. Selectivities under these conditions are nearly stoichiometric to the desired product. The exothermic heat of reaction vapori2es the 1,2-dichloroethane product, which is purified by distillation. 

Copper etchants do not directly influence the electroless plating process, but are used merely to remove unwanted copper, and should not affect the deposit properties. The costs of waste treatment and disposal have led to disuse of throw-away systems such as chromic—sulfuric acid, ferric chloride, and ammonium persulfate. Newer types of regenerable etchants include cupric chloride, stabilized peroxide, and proprietary ammoniacal etchant baths. 

Inorganic salt solutions Molybdenum has excellent resistance to 3% sodium chloride, 10% aluminium chloride and 10% ammonium chloride at temperatures up to 100°C. It is severely corroded by 20% solutions of ferric and cupric chlorides at 35°C and is subject to pinhole-type pitting in mercuric chloride solutions (Table 5.5). 

Aluminium sulphate Ammonium bifluoride Ammonium bisulphite Ammonium bromide Ammonium persulphate Antimony trichloride Beryllium chloride Cadmium chloride Calcium hypochlorite Copper nitrate Copper sulphate Cupric chloride Cuprous chloride Ferric chloride Ferric nitrate... 

The solution is stirred slowly and ca. 25 ml. of 2N cupric chloride solution is added slowly. The blue-green color of the cupric chloride is rapidly discharged and a brick red coloration occurs, followed by the precipitation of voluminous bright red crystals of the cuprous chelate of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene. The pH is adjusted to 5-6 by the addition of 5N ammonium hydroxide. Addition of 25 ml. of the cupric chloride solution followed by neutralization of the generated hydrochloric acid with 5iV ammonium hydroxide is repeated five times. The precipitate is collected by filtration and the filtrate is again treated with 25-ml. portions of cupric chloride solution and 5N ammonium hydroxide. The procedure is repeated until the filtrate is clear red at pH 3-4 and returns to a cloudy green at pH 6 with no further formation of precipitate (Note 5). 

Tetrammino-cupric Chloride, [Cu(NH3)4]CIs.—This is the best known of the cniprammino-clilorides. It is obtained by heating hexammino-cuprie chloride to a temperature of 90° C. in a closed vessel,2 or from the dihydrate by keeping it over a mixture of lime and ammonium chloride. The salt is blue in colour and is immediately decomposed by water. If heated to 140° C. it loses two molecules of ammonia, forming the diannninc [Cu(NH3)2 C12. 

Tetrammino-cupric Chloride Monohydrate, [Cu(NI-l3)4]Cl2.H20. —When ammonia is passed into a hot saturated solution of cupric chloride a dark blue solution is formed, and, on cooling, dark blue crystals are deposited. The salt crystallises in blue quadratic prisms which lose water on drying, giving the anhydrous salt described above. If heated it loses ammonia, passing into the diammino-derivative, and finally, on further heating, decomposes completely. Water attacks the substance and converts it into cupric ammonium chloride, ammonium chloride, and basic cupric chloride. 

This double salt is made easily by dissolving potassium chloride, KC1, and cupric chloride, CuCl2-2H20, in water in the proportion of two molecules of the former to one of the latter and evaporating the solution to crystallization. This salt, as well as the corresponding ammonium salt, is used in the determination of carbon in iron. Iron dissolves in a concentrated solution of the salt, leaving the carbon undissolved, and the latter can be filtered off and estimated by combustion. 

Chloroprene (boiling point 59.4°C, density 0.9583) is, chemically, a chlorovinyl ester of hydrochloric acid and can be manufactured by polymerizing acetylene to vinyl acetylene using a weak solution containing ammonium chloride (NH4C1), cuprous chloride (Cu2Cl2), and potassium chloride (KC1) as catalyst. The off-gas from the reactor has its water condensed out and is then fractionated. Aqueous hydrochloric acid at 35 to 45 °C is then reacted with the vinyl acetylene in the presence of cupric chloride to give chloroprene (2-chloro-l,3-butadiene). 

Chloro-3-hydroxy-5(and 6)-methylpyrazine with ammonium hydroxide, copper, and cupric chloride at 125° for 15 hours gave 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5(and 6)-methylpyrazine (373, 835), but 2-chloro-5-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylpyrazine was recovered unchanged after treatment with alcoholic ammonia under drastic conditions (312) and 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-5,6-diphenylpyrazine with pyridine and its hydrochloride at reflux gave the betaine (33) from 2-hydroxy-5,6-diphenyl-3-pyridiniopyrazine chloride (863). Replacement of the chloro substituent occurred... 

Cupric chloride and ferrous ammonium sulfate were then successfully used as inorganic inhibitors to prevent homopolymerization in the liquid phase. Films were sealed in 50% acrylic acid aqueous solution saturated with the inorganic inhibitor under nitrogen gas and irradiated with y-rays at a dose rate of 0.13 Mrad/hr at room temperatures. After irradiation, the films were washed with water. The results are presented in Figure 6. The weight increase varied linearly with dose. The rate of grafting with ferrous ammonium sulfate was higher than that with cupric chloride. 

Fig 6. Graftings of acrylic acid to dense polyvinyl chloride film in 50% acrylic acid aqueous solution saturated with cupric chloride (O) and ferrous ammonium sulfate (A)- Dose rate 0.13 Mrads per hr. 

Cinchomeronic acid, on treatment with ammonium molybdate, urea, and cupric chloride at elevated temperatures affords copper tetra-3,4-pyridinopor-phyrazine, the nitrogen analogue of copper phthalocyanine. ... 

Conjugated dienes were successfully converted to /3--y-unsaturated esters using PdCl2-CuCl2-C0-02-HCl-CH30H. However, it was essential to dry the mixture of PdCl2, methanol, and cone. HCl over molecular sieves prior to addition of the diene and cupric chloride. Furthermore, the addition of a quartemary ammonium salt such as Aliquat-336 is important to prevent polymerization. f ... 

Removal of the Fe(CO)3 group is normally achieved by treating the complex with an oxidizing agent such as ceric ammonium nitrate, ferric chloride, or cupric chloride, usually at between 0° and room temperature, in a solvent such as aqueous acetone or ethanol. In some cases, trimethylamine N-oxide... 

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