Ammonium complex salts

The interaction between 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenyl propagyl ether and iodine, in the presence of cuprous chloride, ammonium carbonate to form cupro-ammonium complex salt, plus potassium iodide to solubilize iodine as its water-soluble complexes (as KI2, KIg, KI. ) ulti-... 

Hence, if chlorine is passed into a cold suspension (in hydrochloric acid) of lead(II) chloride, lead(IV) chloride is formed. Addition of ammonium chloride gives the complex salt ammonium hexachloro-plumbate(lV) as a yellow precipitate ... 

For deliming, ammonium salts and acids are used. The proportion of ammonium salts to acids and the type of acids employed is a matter of the tanner s choice. The acid neutralizes the lime, Ca(OH)2, thereby adjusting the pH. The ammonium salts have two functions to buffer the solution to a pH required for bating, and to form calcium ammonium complexes. The acidity and the complex formation solubilize the calcium and serve to bring the hide to the desired pH. 

The synthesis of polyhalide salts, R4NX , used in electrophilic substitution reactions, are described in Chapter 2 and H-bonded complexed salts with the free acid, R4NHX2, which are used for example in acid-catalysed cleavage reactions and in electrophilic addition reactions with alkenes, are often produced in situ [33], although the fluorides are obtained by modification of method I.I.I.B. [19, 34], The in situ formation of such salts can inhibit normal nucleophilic reactions [35, 36]. Quaternary ammonium chlorometallates have been synthesized from quaternary ammonium chlorides and transition metal chlorides, such as IrClj and PtCl4, and are highly efficient catalysts for phase-transfer reactions and for metal complex promoted reactions [37]. 

Triethylammonium formate-formic acid complex, (HC02NHEtj)2(HC02H)3, is used in a one-pot reductive aldol condensation of Meldrum s acid with aldehydes to produce the alkylated derivative [51]. Although feasible, the process has not been adapted for use with a quaternary ammonium formate salt. 

Halogens are frequently used as oxidation agents and, under two-phase conditions, they can either be employed as ammonium complex halide salts [3], or in the molecular state with or without an added quaternary ammonium catalyst [4]. Stoichiometric amounts of tetra-n-butylammonium tribromide under pH controlled conditions oxidize primary alcohols and low-molecular-weight alkyl ethers to esters, a,cyclic ethers produce lactones [3], and secondary alcohols yield ketones. Benzoins are oxidized to the corresponding benzils (80-90%) by the tribromide salts in acetonitrile in the presence of benzoyl peroxide [5]. 

Toxicology. Exposure to the complex salts of platinum, especially ammonium hexachloro-... 

All alkali and ammonium DNM salts have been prepared and characterized. Solid state structures of the potassium, cesium, tetramethylammonium and a potassium crown-ether complex of DNM are available . 

An alternative procedure for oxidation to ketones involves treatment of the alkylborane with a quaternary ammonium perruthenate salt and an amine oxide.145 (see entry 6, in Scheme 4.8). Use of the dibromoborane-dimethyl sulfide complex for hydroboration of terminal alkenes, followed by hydrolysis and Cr(VI) oxidation, gives carboxylic acids.146... 

Cadmium carbonate forms a cyanide complex ion, Cd(CN)42+ in cyanide solutions. It dissolves in concentrated aqueous solutions of ammonium salts forming ammonium complexes. 

Reaction with ammonium chloride yields yellow precipitate of the complex salt, ammoniumhexachloroplumbateflV) ... 

Nickel(ll) complexes of simple anions, such as F , Cl , SCN, NO, readily combine with alkah metal or ammonium ions forming their complex salts. For example, action of fluorine on a mixture of NiCB and KCl yields diamagnetic... 

Palladium was discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston during refining and purification oP platinum metal. This new metal was found in the aqua regia extract of native platinum and was detected in solution after platinum was precipitated. It was removed as ammonium chloroplatinate. Treating this solution with mercurous cyanide precipitated a yellow palladium complex salt. The precipitate was washed and ignited to form palladium metal. Wollaston named the element palladium after the newly discovered asteroid Pallas. 

The optical rotation of aqueous solutions will increase to + 4.0 to +7.0° by the addition of complexing salts, such as borax or ammonium molybdate. 

Hydrazine Nitrate Complexes. Salts of bivalent metals (Ni, Co, Zn, Cd and Mn) of complex hydrazine nitrates may be represented by the following formulas [M(N 2H4 )2 ] (N03 )2, or by [M(N2 H, )3 ] (N03 )2. In these complexes, called nitrohydrazinates, each N Ii, group plays the same role as two NH3 groups in the corresponding ammonium complexes... 

W. P. Bloxam does not recommend the preparation of this salt by passing hydrogen sulphide into an alcoholic soln. of ammonia because a complex salt, (NH S.wNHiS, is obtained, and the crystals contain alcohol. R. Laming made an aq. soln. of ammonium hydrosulphide by heating ammonium carbonate or gas liquor with sodium sulphide P. Spence, by heating the tank waste from the Leblanc soda process or gas lime with ammonium salts in a stream of steam and J. J. Berzelius recommended subliming a mixture of ammonium chloride and potassium sulphide—not in excess. 

P. A. H. Schreinemakers and P, H. J. Hoenen 20 found that aq. soln. of ammonium sulphate and nitrate furnish two complex salts, ammonium nitrato-sulphate, (NH gSOi-NI NOs, and ammonium (Unitrato-sulphate, (NH4)2S04.2NH4N03. Both salts are decomposed by water, but are stable in the presence of an excess of ammonium nitrate. 

Pure sodium and potassium chlorates do not possess explosive properties, but in earlier times were important components of the most widely used explosive mixtures (Vol. III). Also some complex salts of chloric acid possess initiating properties (Vol. III). Chlorates of nitrogen bases are explosives and deserve some attention. In particular, ammonium chlorate should be mentioned owing to the part it has played in the history of explosives. 

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