Ammonia liquefied gases

Ammonia is shipped as a liquefied gas under its own vapour pressure of 114 psig (7.9 bar) at 21°C. Uses are to be found in refrigeration, fertilizer production, metal industries, the petroleum, chemical and rubber industries, domestic cleaning agents and water purification. Aqueous solutions of ammonia are common alkaline laboratory reagents ca 0.88 solution is the strongest available. Ammonia gas is expelled on warming. 

Ammonia is conveniently obtained from a cylinder of the liquefied gas the cylinder must be equipped with a reducing valve. The rate of flow of the gas may be determined by passage through a bubble counter containing a small volume of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution (12 g. of KOH in 12 ml. of water). A safety bottle should be inserted between the cylinder and the reaction vessel. 

Liquid ammonia and the solvent may explode when mixed. (It is possible this was a liquefied gas (physical) explosion, rather than an exothermic chemical reaction.)... 

Butadiene is available commercially as a liquefied gas underpressure. The polymerization grade has a minimum purity of 99%, with acetylene as an impurity in the parts-per-million (ppm) range. Isobutene, 1-butene, butane and cis-l- and Zrc//7.s-2-butcnc have been detected in pure-grade butadiene (Miller, 1978). Typical specifications for butadiene are purity, > 99.5% inhibitor (/c/V-butylcatecliol). 50-150 ppm impurities (ppm max.) 1,2-butadiene, 20 propadiene, 10 total acetylenes, 20 dimers, 500 isoprene, 10 other C5 compounds, 500 sulfur, 5 peroxides (as H2O2), 5 ammonia, 5 water, 300 carbonyls, 10 nonvolatile residues, 0.05 wt% max. and oxygen in the gas phase, 0.10 vol% max. (Sun Wristers, 1992). Butadiene has been stabilized with hydroquinone, catechol and aliphatic mercaptans (lARC, 1986, 1992). 

E. C. C. Baly and H. M. Duncan studied the decomposition of ammonia by means of a hot platinum wire. Two types of ammonia may be prepared—an inactive and an active modification—which are decomposed to different extents by the same quantity of energy. The active form is obtained by the slow withdrawal of ammonia from a cylinder containing the compressed gas by warming the cone. aq. soln. and drying the gas by quicklime and by isothermal evaporation of the liquefied gas at its b.p. The inactive form is obtained by the rapid evaporation of the liquefied gas. The inactive gas slowly recovers its activity on remaining in contact with the liquefied gas. The same effect can be produced by gently warming the gas by means of a platinum wire heated at 200°. In order to observe these phenomena, the platinum wire must be activated in the same way as is customary in W. Ostwald s process for the catalytic oxidation of ammonia in air to nitric acid. Alternatively,... 

Liquid ammonia is a liquefied gas. Its storage and distribution technologies therefore have much in common with other liquefied gases. Reference [399, vol. IV] summarizes the literature on storage, handling, and transportation of ammonia. 

For years, the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) industry has used pressurized underground liquefied gas storage. This technique has been applied to ammonia also. DuPont has operated a rock cavern in the United States with a capacity of 20 0001. Norsk Hydro has one in Norway at 50 000 t. Because of the contaminants occurring in liquid ammonia stored this way and the lack of suitable construction sites, no further storage facilities of this kind have been built for a long time. Underground fertilizer ammonia storage was planned in Russia [1310]. 

SULFUROUS OXIDE (7446-09-5) SO, Noncombustible liquefied gas under pressure or liquid. Contact with air forms hydrogen chloride fumes. Violent reaction with water or steam, forming sulfurous acid, a medium-strong acid and corrosion hazard. Reacts violently with acetylene, acrolein, alcohols, aluminum powder alkali metals (i.e., potassium, sodium) amines, ammonia, bromine pentafluoride butadiene caustics, cesium acetylene carbide chlorates, chlorine trifluoride chromium powder copper or copper alloy powders chlorine, diethylzinc, fluorine, ethylene oxide lead dioxide lithium acetylene carbide diamino-, metal powders monolithium acetylide-ammonia nitryl chloride potassium acetylene carbide potassium acetylide, potassium chlorate rubidium carbide silver azide sodium acetylide staimous oxide. Decon oses in... 

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