Ammonia fungi

Yamanaka, T. (1995a). Changes in organic matter composition of forest soil treated with a large amount of urea to promote ammonia fungi and the abilities of these fungi to decompose organic matter. Mycoscience 36,17-23. 

Figure 4.5 Changes in the concentrations (jig N gJ dry soil) of NH4 -N ( ) and N03 -N ( ), and in the pH value (O) in urea-treated soil. On April 19, 1990, 327 g urea-N was spread to 0.5 m x 2.0 m plot in a Pinus-Chamaecyparis forest, Kyoto, Japan. Occurrence of the reproductive structures of ammonia fungi is presented on the figure Ab, Amblyospormm botrytis-, Ad, Ascobolus denudatus-, Lt, Lyophyllum tylicolor-, Pu, Peziza urinophila-, Pp, Pseudombrophila petrakii-, Ce, Coprinus echinosporus-, Hr, Hebeloma radicosoides. (From Yamanaka, T., Ph.D. diss., Kyoto University, 2002. With permission.)...

Growth of the Ammonia Fungi (mg Dry Weight of Mycelium 40 ml-1 Medium) in Liquid Media Containing Different Nitrogen Sources... 

Fukiharu, T. and Hongo, T. (1995). Ammonia fungi of Iriomote Island in the southern Ryukyus, Japan and a new ammonia fungus, Hebeloma luchuense. Myco-sciense 36, 425-430. 

Imamura, A., Yumoto, T., and Yanai, J. (2006). Urease activity in soil as a factor affecting the succession of ammonia fungi. J. Forest Res. 11, 131-135. 

Kasuya, T. (2002). Reports on fruiting of ammonia fungi on the ground after decomposition of animal wastes. Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho 43, 99-104 (in Japanese with English summary). 

Sagara, N. (1975). Ammonia fungi—A chemoecological grouping of terrestrial fungi. Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 24, 205-276. 

Sagara, N. (1976a). Growth and reproduction of the ammonia fungi, in Ecology of Microorganisms (3) (Biseibutsu-seitai Kenkyukai, Eds.). Tokyo University of Tokyo Press, 153-178 (in Japanese). 

Sagara, N. (1976c). Supplement to the studies of ammonia fungi (1). Trans. Mycol. 

Soponsathien, S. (1998). Some characteristics of ammonia fungi. 1. In relation to their ligninolytic enzyme activities. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 44,337-345. 

Suzuki, A. (2006). Experimental and physiological ecology of ammonia fungi studies using natural substrates and artificial media. Mycoscience 47, 3-17. 

Suzuki, A., Uchida, M., and Kita, Y. (2002). Experimental analyses of successive occurrence of ammonia fungi in the field. Fungal Diversity 10, 141-165. 

Yamanaka, T. (2002). Growth mechanism of the ammonia fungi—Experimental myco-logical studies on cleaning processes in the sites after decomposition of dead-bodies and excrement of animals. Ph.D. diss., Kyoto University (in Japanese). 

Yamanaka, T. (2003). The effect of pH on the growth of saprotrophic and ectomycor-rhizal ammonia fungi in vitro. Mycologia 95, 584-589. 

Appendix 4.1 List of the Ammonia Fungi and Postputrefaction Fungi... 

Trees and soils of forests act as sources of NH3 and oxides of nitrogen. Ammonia is formed in the soil by several types of bacteria and fungi. The volatilization of ammonia and its subsequent release to the atmosphere are dependent on temperature and the pH of the soil. Fertilizers are used as a tool in forest management. The volatilization of applied fertilizers may become a source of ammonia to the atmosphere, especially from the use of urea. 

Noncyanogenic fungi can degrade cyanide to formamide followed by hydrolysis by a hydratase to formate and ammonia (Dumestre et al. 1997). This pathway is also used by some bacteria (Jandyala et al. 2003). Bacteria also use a number of reactions for the detoxification of cyanide, including monooxygenation to COj and ammonia (Wang et al. 1996). 

The opposite sequence, reduction of nitrate and nitrite ions, provides a major route of acquisition of ammonia for incorporation into cells by bacteria, fungi, and green plants (Fig. 24-1). Assimilatory (biosynthetic) nitrate reductases catalyze the two-electron reduction of nitrate to nitrite (Eq. 16-61). This is thought to occur at the molybdenum atom of the large 900-residue highly regulated793 molybdopterin-dependent enzyme. In green plants the reductant is... 

Nitrate reductases have been isolated from bacteria, plants and fungi and always contain molybdenum. Two types may be distinguished (a) the assimilatory nitrate reductases which catalyze the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, which ultimately is reduced to ammonia and used by... 

Green plants, algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and bacteria that assimilate nitrate also produce assimilatory nitrite reductases, which catalyze the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia (equation 89). The formation of heme-nitrosyl intermediates has been detected in several cases,1515 while hydroxylamine is commonly thought to be an intermediate. Added hydroxylamine is rapidly reduced to ammonia. However, no intermediates are released, and ammonia is the only product... 

In relation with Crotalaria spp. secondary metabolites, it is well known that these plants produce pyrrolizidine alkaloids and monocrotaline which have high vertebrate toxicity and could potentially be toxic to nematodes but it is possible also that the low C/N ratio of Crotalaria may also contribute to its allelopathic effect against nematodes. Materials with very low C/N or high content of ammonia will either result in plasmolysis of nematodes, or proliferation of nematophagous fungi due to the release of NH4+-N (Rich and Rahi, 1995). 

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